tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60333718923382471172024-03-19T06:53:48.791-04:00Product Launch JourneyApplying Product Launch Formula from Jeff Walker to launch a membership based website for a mission-based organization.
jQuery, Python, Django, Flash, ActionScript 3, are applied to software as a service educational website.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger167125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-36777022724799616532019-05-21T02:48:00.000-04:002019-05-21T02:48:00.209-04:00Should you ask your Attorney to perform a prior art search prior to filing a regular patent application?Should you ask your Attorney to perform a prior art search prior to filing a regular patent application?<br />
<br />
Upon asking several attorneys, it appears the answer is...<br />
<br />
It depends.<br />
<br />
Summary: An extensive prior art search undertaken prior to issuance of any patent in a patent family can increase the presumed validity of any patent of that family that cites said relevant prior art. All patents of a given family should cite all relevant prior art for the entire family prior to issuance. Early searching combined with crafting claims around such search results may significantly increase upfront search and attorney expense but a more precisely crafted claim set can maintain positive momentum through the patent office with an appropriately broad claim set.<br />
<br />
However, an extensive prior art search in an operating company can expose the company to claims of willful infringement and triple damages. That can be mitigated by a freedom to operate letter, which are unreasonably complex and expensive for startups to consider. However, it can also be mitigated by a strong and valid offensive portfolio. Such a portfolio would be available for countersuit.<br />
<br />
Professional Prior Art Searches:<br />
* Using a third party searcher cost $1k-$2k<br />
* Typically produce 24 references which can be culled by the attorney to 10 relevant references.<br />
* Take as input a one or two paragraph summary of the invention, the heart of the invention, novel and important aspects. Search for patents which contain keywords of proposed independent claims. Search for patents with the assignee field equal to that of known competitors.<br />
<br />
Reasons to perform a prior art search:<br />
* Patent drafting and prosecution is a long and expensive process. Innovation and commercialization can be even longer and more expensive by one or two orders of magnitude. In the event of finding damaging prior art that would eliminate the potential to receive patent protection, it is better to avoid the expense and time of the filing of claims that will be invalidated or denied.<br />
<br />
My opinion: Usually the go no-go decision will not rest on patentability of a particular claim, or in fact of any claims at all. However, raising external capital or doing an M&A deal is more challenging without a patent in place. Yet, a picture claim that issues in a patent may be sufficient for deals that are not IP-centric.<br />
<br />
* Patent claim drafting can be focused to overcome known existing prior art.<br />
<br />
* Patent claim drafting can be directed to non-obvious improvements to known prior art.<br />
<br />
Reasons not to perform prior art search:<br />
* No obligation on the inventor or their attorney to seek to discover prior art or to search prior art.<br />
* An issued patent that is part of a patent family may be damaged by the discovery of prior art after the date of it's issuance. That prior art would be raised immediately in court as a challenge to the issued patent.<br />
* Searching art and acknowledging it makes infringement thereof willful. Those triple damages can be mitigated by a freedom to operate legal opinion. However, the freedom to operate opinion is 100-200 pages of legal analysis.<br />
* No need to search or disclose prior art in a provisional patent application or in a utility application. However, with a utility application an IDS would be filed citing prior art references.<br />
<br />
How many references to cite?<br />
* Once a patent issues, it is presumed valid over the cited references... with a 90% validity (clear and convincing) rather than a 50%+ (preponderance of evidence)...<br />
* Usually submitting "too much" is better<br />
* Examiner will initial references examined. Those are helpful in front of USPTO.<br />
* Relevant references should be cited, even 100 or 1000. Anything that raises the issue of patentability.<br />
* Irrelevant references can be viewed as an attempt to flood the system and discourage the examiner from evaluating them. Thus, it could weaken the standard of evidence later in court if fact finder perceives references were not relevant.<br />
* Hundreds of relevant references are better.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-3562177400197159242015-05-07T13:52:00.003-04:002015-05-07T13:52:46.973-04:00Shoobx Beta Client Questionnaire (if you say that you are an entreprenuer, if say legal counsel, then no more questions)<header class="survey-page-header" style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="survey-title-container clearfix has-survey-title " style="background-color: #97aaaa; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 20px; padding: 10px;">
<table class="survey-title-table" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="survey-title-cell" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><h1 class="survey-title user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shoobx Beta Client Questionnaire</span></h1>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</header><section class="survey-page-body" style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 20px 0px;"><form action="https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/?sm=lJxIqappLnLCdSu2JzO0pg%3d%3d" data-survey-page-form="" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" name="surveyForm" novalidate="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="questions clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-row clearfix
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<div class="question-container
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<div class=" question-single-choice-radio qn question vertical" data-qnumber="1" data-question-id="716892273" id="question-field-716892273" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out;">
<fieldset aria-required="true" class=" question-fieldset" data-radio-button-group="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: inherit; padding: 0px; width: 860px;">
<h4 class="question-title-container" id="question-title-716892273" style="border: none; color: #4f7a27; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 860px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="required-asterisk notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">*</span> <span class="question-number notranslate" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">6. </span><span class="user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Have you already incorporated?</span></h4>
<div class="question-body clearfix notranslate " style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="answer-option-cell
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<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="716892273_8197128199" name="716892273" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8197128199" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="716892273_8197128199" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
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<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="716892273_8197128200" name="716892273" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8197128200" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="716892273_8197128200" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Not yet - I am interested in Shoobx’s help</span></label></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question-row clearfix
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-container
" data-question-type="single_choice_vertical" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class=" question-single-choice-radio qn question vertical" data-qnumber="2" data-question-id="716897299" id="question-field-716897299" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out;">
<fieldset aria-required="true" class=" question-fieldset" data-radio-button-group="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: inherit; padding: 0px; width: 860px;">
<h4 class="question-title-container" id="question-title-716897299" style="border: none; color: #4f7a27; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 860px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="required-asterisk notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">*</span> <span class="question-number notranslate" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">7. </span><span class="user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Do you have an existing relationship with legal counsel?</span></h4>
<div class="question-body clearfix notranslate " style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="716897299_8197176706" name="716897299" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8197176706" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="716897299_8197176706" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">No, I do not have legal counsel and <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">would be interested</strong></span> in an introduction through Shoobx</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="716897299_8197176707" name="716897299" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8197176707" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="716897299_8197176707" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">No, I do not have legal counsel and <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">am not interested</strong></span> in an introduction through Shoobx</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
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<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="716897299_8197176708" name="716897299" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8197176708" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="716897299_8197176708" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Yes, I already have internal legal counsel</span></label></div>
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<div class="answer-option-cell
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<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="716897299_8237142176" name="716897299" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8237142176" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="716897299_8237142176" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Yes, I already have external legal counsel</span></label></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="other-answer-container" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label other-answer-label comment-label user-generated" for="716897299_other" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; word-wrap: break-word;">I already have legal counsel. I use:</label><textarea class="textarea other-answer-text" cols="100" data-other-text="" id="716897299_other" name="716897299_other" rows="3" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; resize: both; vertical-align: top;"></textarea></div>
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</form>
</section>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-10073063097042281212015-05-07T12:55:00.001-04:002015-05-07T12:55:05.521-04:00New round of funding raises the investment to $120 million for 100,000 students<div class="popUpImageContainer">
<span class="popUpTitle">New round of funding raises the investment to $120 million </span>
<div class="popUpImageTransparentContainer">
</div>
</div>
<div class="popUpContent">
<div style="font-weight: bold;">
Open English receives $65 million investment</div>
OpenEnglish, the online English school, has received new investments
of US$65 million The capital is being provided by Technology Crossover
Ventures Fund, and by Insight Venture Partners and Redpoint Ventures.
The latter two have invested in the company previously. The most recent
capital commitment brings total investment in the school, which has
about 100,000 students in Latin America, to US$120 million.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-51229752189016382152015-05-07T12:54:00.002-04:002015-05-07T12:54:26.095-04:00Thank you for your proposal -- Leadsesljobs.com<br />
teflcourse.net<br />
craigslist.org<br />
careerbuilder.com<br />
esljobsfeed.com<br />
eslcafe.com<br />
monster.com<br />
<br />
<br />
Native/conversational/fluent/no<br />
<br />
<div style="padding: 3px;">
<div class="segment_header" id="header_title" style="width: 100%;">
<h1 style="font-size: 20px;">
Thank you for your proposal</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div id="desc" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;">
<div id="success_body" style="padding: 5px;">
<img alt="" src="http://fs11.formsite.com/images/layout/external/icons/success_page_styled_128.gif" style="float: left; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-right: 5px;" />
<div id="desc" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;">
Thank you for taking the time to consider this teaching opportunity and for completing the Teacher Proposal Form.<br />
You will receive a confirmation email, sent to the address you have
listed in this proposal. Please check your SPAM and other email filters
and add @openenglish.com to your safe senders list to ensure that you
are receiving all correspondence from our team.<br />
Your proposal record will be stored in our system and reviewed as
contract opportunities become available. You need not submit your
proposal more than once. Should you receive an error message upon
submission, please DO NOT resubmit or complete the proposal again. Your
data will be saved despite the error, and we will contact you should we
need any further information.<br />
</div>
<div id="bodyLink">
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-9440372482006355702015-05-07T12:49:00.002-04:002015-05-07T12:49:40.577-04:00Personal Information<div class="outside_container form_shadow_top">
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Personal Information</h1>
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<strong><span style="color: maroon;">International
ESL Services LLC is only authorized to make payments to into accounts
bearing the name of its contractors. Please enter your first and last
name as they appear on your legal identification document(s). (Ex:
Passport, Social Security card, government-issued ID). </span></strong></div>
<div>
</div>
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<strong><span style="color: maroon;">Please be aware that w</span></strong><strong><span style="color: maroon;">e only issue payments either using ACH electronic deposit into American bank accounts, or via PayPal. </span></strong></div>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-7"><b class="icon_required">*</b> First Name:</label>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-8"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Last Name:</label>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-9"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Today's date:</label>
<input class="text_field calendar_field hasDatepicker" date="mm/dd/yy" datemax="" datemin="" id="RESULT_TextField-9" maxlength="10" name="RESULT_TextField-9" size="10" type="text" value="" /><img alt="calendar" class="popup_button inline_button" src="http://fs11.formsite.com/images/icons/formIcons/calendar.gif" style="vertical-align: top;" />
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-10"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Please confirm your email address.</label>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-13">Address 2:</label>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-15"><b class="icon_required">*</b> State:</label>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-16"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Postal code:</label>
<input class="text_field" id="RESULT_TextField-16" maxlength="255" name="RESULT_TextField-16" size="10" type="text" value="" />
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<div class="q required" id="q59">
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-17"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Country:</label>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-18"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Phone (include country codes):</label>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-19">Skype ID (optional):</label>
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<span class="question top_question">Are you currently living abroad (outside of the U.S.)?</span>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_RadioButton-20_0" name="RESULT_RadioButton-20" type="radio" value="Radio-0" /><label for="RESULT_RadioButton-20_0">Yes</label></td>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_RadioButton-20_1" name="RESULT_RadioButton-20" type="radio" value="Radio-1" /><label for="RESULT_RadioButton-20_1">No</label></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="q" id="q63">
<a class="item_anchor" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ItemAnchor21"></a>
<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-21">If abroad, please let us know in which country:</label>
<input class="text_field" id="RESULT_TextField-21" maxlength="255" name="RESULT_TextField-21" size="25" type="text" value="" />
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_RadioButton-22"><b class="icon_required">*</b> How did you hear about this teaching opportunity?</label>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-23">Other or personal reference:</label>
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<span class="question top_question"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Have
you ever taught with Open English (prior contractor of International ESL
Services, LLC) or participated in our Certification Process?</span>
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<tbody>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_RadioButton-24_0" name="RESULT_RadioButton-24" type="radio" value="Radio-0" /><label for="RESULT_RadioButton-24_0">Yes</label></td>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_RadioButton-24_1" name="RESULT_RadioButton-24" type="radio" value="Radio-1" /><label for="RESULT_RadioButton-24_1">No</label></td>
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<h1 style="font-size: 18px;">
Experience & Availability</h1>
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<div class="q required" id="q68">
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<span class="question top_question"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Do you have experience teaching ESL?</span>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_RadioButton-26_0" name="RESULT_RadioButton-26" type="radio" value="Radio-0" /><label for="RESULT_RadioButton-26_0">Yes</label></td>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_RadioButton-26_1" name="RESULT_RadioButton-26" type="radio" value="Radio-1" /><label for="RESULT_RadioButton-26_1">No</label></td>
</tr>
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<a class="item_anchor" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ItemAnchor27"></a>
<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_RadioButton-27"><b class="icon_required">*</b> I speak _________ English.</label>
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<span class="question top_question"><b class="icon_required">*</b> I speak the following languages at a low-intermediate level or above:</span>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_0" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-0" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_0">Spanish</label></td>
<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_1" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-1" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_1">Portuguese</label></td>
<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_2" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-2" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_2">Turkish</label></td>
<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_3" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-3" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_3">Russian</label></td>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_4" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-4" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_4">Italian</label></td>
<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_5" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-5" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_5">French</label></td>
<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_6" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-6" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_6">Chinese</label></td>
<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_7" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-7" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_7">Japanese</label></td>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_CheckBox-28_8" name="RESULT_CheckBox-28" type="checkbox" value="CheckBox-8" /><label for="RESULT_CheckBox-28_8">None</label></td>
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<strong><span style="color: navy; font-size: 10pt;">Educational <span style="color: navy;">Consultants provide their weekly availability preferences and are paired with students based on student need</span>,
which is monitored by the company. Consultants provide their weekly
availability preferences and are scheduled for available classes within
those preferences. Open English students tend to demonstrate the most
demand for classes during evening hours (Eastern time). Classes begin on
the hour, every hour. We are unable to offer set schedules each week
and cannot guarantee services to any contractor.</span></strong></div>
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<a class="item_anchor" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ItemAnchor30"></a>
<span class="question top_question"><b class="icon_required">*</b> Would this type of scheduling process suit you?</span>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_RadioButton-30_0" name="RESULT_RadioButton-30" type="radio" value="Radio-0" /><label for="RESULT_RadioButton-30_0">Yes</label></td>
</tr>
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<td><input class="multiple_choice" id="RESULT_RadioButton-30_1" name="RESULT_RadioButton-30" type="radio" value="Radio-1" /><label for="RESULT_RadioButton-30_1">No</label></td>
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<strong>Contractors are scheduled for educational services based on
their availability and the need of the students throughout the day.
Schedules are provided approximately two weeks in advance. At the
current moment, the educational services contractors are scheduled to
provide are: </strong></div>
<div>
<strong> </strong></div>
<div>
<strong>1) Group classes including welcome period, teaching English for 45 minutes, and completing a feedback form for each student.</strong></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<strong><span class="im">2) At times when student attendance
requires less than the scheduled number of contractors, contractors will
use their scheduled time to respond to student questions in the Ask a
Teacher and Writing Feedback queues. <br /></span>Each educational
service opportunity is approximately one hour total. Please list your
educational services rate (per one educational service opportunity) in
the field below, using <a href="http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/" target="_blank">US dollars</a>.</strong></div>
</div>
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<label class="question top_question" for="RESULT_TextField-32"><b class="icon_required">*</b> </label>
<input class="text_field" id="RESULT_TextField-32" maxlength="255" name="RESULT_TextField-32" size="12" type="text" value="" />
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<strong><span style="color: navy;">Consultants
are selected based on business need at the time. Your proposal will be
reviewed in advance of beginning our certification process and you will
be notified if we accept, counter propose or reject your submitted rate
for services. Only submissions which have a pre-approved rate will move
forward in the consulting certification process. Final decisions are
made after the consulting certification process. </span></strong></div>
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<b class="icon_required">*</b> Indicates Response Required
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-18099053695249080492015-05-07T12:48:00.002-04:002015-05-07T12:48:26.624-04:00Educational Consultant Proposal Form<br />
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<h1 style="font-size: 24px;">
Educational Consultant Proposal Form</h1>
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<div>
<strong><span style="color: #333399;"><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Please note</span>: </em>
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Please refrain from submitting another proposal unless explicitly
directed to do so. Doing so may prolong the time it takes our team to
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<strong><strong>Program Overview:</strong> </strong>Open English is a revolutionary online ESL school with a rapidly growing international student base. <span style="background-color: white;"> Open
English's cutting edge technology allows students to attend a virtual
classroom as they would a real classroom, avoiding the inconveniences of
traditional schools.</span> Students can join our live classes at any
time - day or night - from any location with internet access. In
addition, they have constant access to our online practice tools and
interactive lessons. For a closer look at our program, click <a href="http://www.openenglish.com/en/course/" target="_blank">here</a>, or <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SmFDbMY6sc" target="_blank">take a video tour</a>. <br />
<strong>Company Overview:</strong> Open English was created to reinvent the English learning experience, empowering <span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="background-color: white;">students
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live online classes and guiding students eager to become fluent in
English. This is a fantastic opportunity for qualified individuals to
make an impact on the English-learning experience of students in many
countries.</span></span><br />
<strong>Proposal: </strong>Open English is actively recruiting
talented and enthusiastic teachers wishing to attain a contract with
International ESL Services, LLC to teach our small, online classes.
This proposal is your opportunity to tell us about yourself and your
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<br /><strong>Desired Consultant Profile: </strong> <br /> - Native English speaker with a North American accent;<br /> - Experience teaching English to adults of all levels;<br />
-Availability to be scheduled to classes at consultant’s discretion
according to student attendance patterns. We experience highest
attendance during evenings ET. We are unable to guarantee classes
assigned per week.;<br /> - Reliable, high-speed (at least 1 MB) internet
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Certification is not compensated.)<br /> <br /> <strong>Type of work:</strong><strong> </strong>Independent contractor, Consulting Services Agreement<br />
<strong>Contracting company: </strong>International ESL Services, LLC<br /> <br /> <strong>Location:</strong> Anywhere, no special work permissions required</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-10151926260957320712015-05-07T12:45:00.003-04:002015-05-07T12:45:50.412-04:00Beta Client Questionnaire<header class="survey-page-header" style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="survey-title-container clearfix has-survey-title " style="background-color: #97aaaa; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 20px; padding: 10px;">
<table class="survey-title-table" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="survey-title-cell" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><h1 class="survey-title user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shoobx Beta Client Questionnaire</span></h1>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</header><section class="survey-page-body" style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 20px 0px;"><form action="https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/?sm=lJxIqappLnLCdSu2JzO0pg%3d%3d" data-survey-page-form="" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" name="surveyForm" novalidate="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="questions clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-row clearfix
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-container
" data-question-type="open_ended_multi" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class=" question-open-ended-multi qn question multi" data-qnumber="1" data-question-id="719652802" id="question-field-719652802" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out;">
<fieldset aria-required="true" class="text-input-group question-fieldset" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: inherit; padding: 0px; width: 860px;">
<h4 class="question-title-container" id="question-title-719652802" style="border: none; color: #4f7a27; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 860px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="required-asterisk notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">*</span> <span class="question-number notranslate" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1. </span><span class="user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tell us a little about you:</span></h4>
<div class="question-body clearfix notranslate " style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label user-generated " for="719652802_8224053512" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">Your name:</label><input class="text" id="719652802_8224053512" name="719652802_8224053512" size="50" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="Jonathan Shtiebel" /></div>
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label user-generated " for="719652802_8224053514" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">Your email address:</label><input class="text" id="719652802_8224053514" name="719652802_8224053514" size="50" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="jonathan@shtiebel.org" /></div>
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label user-generated " for="719652802_8224053517" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">Your title/position:</label><input class="text" id="719652802_8224053517" name="719652802_8224053517" size="50" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="Executive Director" /></div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question-row clearfix
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-container
" data-question-type="single_choice_vertical" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class=" question-single-choice-radio qn question vertical" data-qnumber="2" data-question-id="729086284" id="question-field-729086284" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out;">
<fieldset aria-required="true" class=" question-fieldset" data-radio-button-group="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: inherit; padding: 0px; width: 860px;">
<h4 class="question-title-container" id="question-title-729086284" style="border: none; color: #4f7a27; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 860px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="required-asterisk notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">*</span> <span class="question-number notranslate" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2. </span><span class="user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Who are you?</span></h4>
<div class="question-body clearfix notranslate " style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="729086284_8312698158" name="729086284" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8312698158" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="729086284_8312698158" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">I am an entrepreneur</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="729086284_8312698159" name="729086284" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8312698159" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix radio-checkbox-button-label-hover" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="729086284_8312698159" style="background-color: #eaeae8; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png) 0px 0px; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">I am an investor</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input checked="checked" class="radio-button-input" id="729086284_8312698160" name="729086284" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8312698160" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix checked" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="729086284_8312698160" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: -20px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">I am legal counsel</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="729086284_8312726510" name="729086284" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8312726510" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="729086284_8312726510" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Other</span></label></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="other-answer-container" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label other-answer-label comment-label user-generated" for="729086284_other" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; word-wrap: break-word;">Tell us about your interest in Shoobx:</label><textarea class="textarea other-answer-text" cols="100" data-other-text="" id="729086284_other" name="729086284_other" rows="3" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; resize: both; vertical-align: top;"></textarea></div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question-row clearfix
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-container
" data-question-type="open_ended_multi" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class=" question-open-ended-multi qn question multi" data-qnumber="3" data-question-id="716894957" id="question-field-716894957" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out;">
<fieldset aria-required="true" class="text-input-group question-fieldset" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: inherit; padding: 0px; width: 860px;">
<h4 class="question-title-container" id="question-title-716894957" style="border: none; color: #4f7a27; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 860px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="required-asterisk notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">*</span> <span class="question-number notranslate" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3. </span><span class="user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Please tell us a little bit more about your company:</span></h4>
<div class="question-body clearfix notranslate " style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label user-generated " for="716894957_8197154290" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">Your company name:</label><input class="text" id="716894957_8197154290" name="716894957_8197154290" size="50" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="shtiebel.org" /></div>
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label user-generated " for="716894957_8197154291" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">Company URL:</label><input class="text" id="716894957_8197154291" name="716894957_8197154291" size="50" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="shtiebel.org" /></div>
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label user-generated " for="716894957_8197154292" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">Brief sentence about your business:</label><input class="text" id="716894957_8197154292" name="716894957_8197154292" size="50" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="Non-Profit" /></div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question-row clearfix
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-container
" data-question-type="demographic_us" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class=" question-demographic question-demographic-us qn question us" data-qnumber="4" data-question-id="716908233" id="question-field-716908233" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out;">
<fieldset aria-required="true" class="text-input-group question-fieldset" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: inherit; padding: 0px; width: 860px;">
<h4 class="question-title-container" id="question-title-716908233" style="border: none; color: #4f7a27; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 860px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="required-asterisk notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">*</span> <span class="question-number notranslate" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4. </span><span class="user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Your company location:</span></h4>
<div class="question-body clearfix notranslate " style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label question-demographic-label user-generated " for="716908233_8197279378" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">City:</label><input class="text medium" id="716908233_8197279378" name="716908233_8197279378" size="15" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="Cambridge" /></div>
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label question-demographic-label user-generated " for="716908233_8197279379" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">State:</label><select class="select" id="716908233_8197279379" name="716908233_8197279379" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <option value="">-- select state --</option> <option value="AL">AL Alabama</option><option value="AK">AK Alaska</option><option value="AS">AS American Samoa</option><option value="AZ">AZ Arizona</option><option value="AR">AR Arkansas</option><option value="CA">CA California</option><option value="CO">CO Colorado</option><option value="CT">CT Connecticut</option><option value="DE">DE Delaware</option><option value="DC">DC District of Columbia</option><option value="FM">FM Federated States of Micronesia</option><option value="FL">FL Florida</option><option value="GA">GA Georgia</option><option value="GU">GU Guam</option><option value="HI">HI Hawaii</option><option value="ID">ID Idaho</option><option value="IL">IL Illinois</option><option value="IN">IN Indiana</option><option value="IA">IA Iowa</option><option value="KS">KS Kansas</option><option value="KY">KY Kentucky</option><option value="LA">LA Louisiana</option><option value="ME">ME Maine</option><option value="MH">MH Marshall Islands</option><option value="MD">MD Maryland</option><option selected="" value="MA">MA Massachusetts</option><option value="MI">MI Michigan</option><option value="MN">MN Minnesota</option><option value="MS">MS Mississippi</option><option value="MO">MO Missouri</option><option value="MT">MT Montana</option><option value="NE">NE Nebraska</option><option value="NV">NV Nevada</option><option value="NH">NH New Hampshire</option><option value="NJ">NJ New Jersey</option><option value="NM">NM New Mexico</option><option value="NY">NY New York</option><option value="NC">NC North Carolina</option><option value="ND">ND North Dakota</option><option value="MP">MP Northern Mariana Islands</option><option value="OH">OH Ohio</option><option value="OK">OK Oklahoma</option><option value="OR">OR Oregon</option><option value="PW">PW Palau</option><option value="PA">PA Pennsylvania</option><option value="PR">PR Puerto Rico</option><option value="RI">RI Rhode Island</option><option value="SC">SC South Carolina</option><option value="SD">SD South Dakota</option><option value="TN">TN Tennessee</option><option value="TX">TX Texas</option><option value="UT">UT Utah</option><option value="VT">VT Vermont</option><option value="VI">VI Virgin Islands</option><option value="VA">VA Virginia</option><option value="WA">WA Washington</option><option value="WV">WV West Virginia</option><option value="WI">WI Wisconsin</option><option value="WY">WY Wyoming</option> </select></div>
<div class="text-input-container clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px;">
<label class="question-body-font-theme answer-label question-demographic-label user-generated " for="716908233_8197279381" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 172px; word-wrap: break-word; zoom: 1;">Country:</label><input class="text medium" id="716908233_8197279381" name="716908233_8197279381" size="15" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="United States" /></div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question-row clearfix
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-container
" data-question-type="single_choice_vertical" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class=" question-single-choice-radio qn question vertical" data-qnumber="5" data-question-id="779072041" id="question-field-779072041" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out;">
<fieldset aria-required="true" class=" question-fieldset" data-radio-button-group="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-width: inherit; padding: 0px; width: 860px;">
<h4 class="question-title-container" id="question-title-779072041" style="border: none; color: #4f7a27; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 860px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="required-asterisk notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">*</span> <span class="question-number notranslate" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5. </span><span class="user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">How did you hear about us?</span></h4>
<div class="question-body clearfix notranslate " style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8781790200" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8781790200" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8781790200" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">DEMO</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8781790201" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8781790201" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8781790201" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">SVB Innovators Toolkit</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8781790202" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8781790202" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8781790202" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Techstars</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8781790203" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8781790203" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8781790203" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Harvard Innovation Lab</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8786973276" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8786973276" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8786973276" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">HBS Rock Center</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8786973284" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8786973284" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8786973284" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">MIT $100K</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8786973288" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8786973288" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8786973288" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">MassChallenge</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8786973289" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8786973289" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8786973289" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">TiE Boston</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="answer-option-cell
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input class="radio-button-input" id="779072041_8786973290" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8786973290" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8786973290" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">WeWork</span></label></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="other-answer-container other-answer-option-container" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="radio-button-container" data-sm-radio-button="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<input checked="checked" class="radio-button-input" data-other-answer="" id="779072041_8781797541" name="779072041" style="display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; left: 7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 6px; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;" type="radio" value="8781797541" /><label class="answer-label radio-button-label clearfix checked" data-sm-radio-button-label="" for="779072041_8781797541" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="radio-button-display" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://secure.surveymonkey.com/smassets/responseweb/smlib.surveytemplates/1.0.45/assets/sprite_checkmark_alpha.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: -20px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 20px; z-index: 11;"></span><span class="radio-button-label-text question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;">Other (please specify)</span></label></div>
<input aria-label="Other (please specify)" class="text other-answer-text" data-other-text="" id="779072041_other" name="779072041_other" size="50" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059) 0px 1px 3px inset; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 5px 0px 0px 32px; max-width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="text" value="IEEE ENET" /></div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table class="progress-bar-container notranslate" role="progress-bar" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 172px 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; width: 515px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="progress-bar-indicator-container progress-bar-section" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; text-align: left; width: 472px;"><div class="progress-bar-indicator" style="background-color: #8dc63f; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 67.421875px;">
</div>
</td><td class="progress-bar-section progress-bar-percentage" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 6px;">14%<span class="progress-bar-container-hidden-text" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute;">of survey complete.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="survey-submit-actions center-text" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 30px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<button class="btn small next-button survey-page-button user-generated notranslate" style="-webkit-background-clip: padding-box; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgb(240, 240, 234), rgb(213, 215, 206)); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 6px 13px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" type="submit">Next</button></div>
</form>
</section><footer class="survey-footer" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 40px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;"><div class="notranslate" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="survey-footer-title" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px;">
Powered by <a class="footer-brand-name survey-footer-link" href="https://www.surveymonkey.com/?ut_source=survey_poweredby_home" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">SurveyMonkey</a></div>
Check out our <a class="survey-footer-link" href="https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/survey-templates/?ut_source=survey_poweredby_template" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">sample surveys</a> and create your own now!</div>
</footer>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-33953698559307305112015-05-07T12:45:00.000-04:002015-05-07T12:45:00.118-04:00<span style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">All information is kept strictly confidential—please view our </span><a href="https://app.shoobx.com/privacy-and-terms.html" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; color: #8dc63f; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;" title="terms of use and security and privacy policies">terms of use and privacy and security policies</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;">.</span><br />
<header class="survey-page-header" style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="survey-title-container clearfix has-survey-title " style="background-color: #97aaaa; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; min-height: 20px; padding: 10px;">
<table class="survey-title-table" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="survey-title-cell" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><h1 class="survey-title user-generated notranslate" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shoobx Beta Client Questionnaire</span></h1>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</header><section class="survey-page-body" style="border: 0px; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 20px 0px;"><form action="https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/?sm=lJxIqappLnLCdSu2JzO0pg%3d%3d" data-survey-page-form="" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" name="surveyForm" novalidate="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="questions clearfix" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-row clearfix
" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="question-container
" data-question-type="presentation_descriptive_text" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class=" question-presentation-text qn question descriptive_text" data-qnumber="1" data-question-id="719658573" id="question-field-719658573" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out;">
<div class="question-body-font-theme user-generated" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Thank you!<br /></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">We appreciate your interest in Shoobx and will be in touch with you soon.<br /></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- The Shoobx team</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table class="progress-bar-container notranslate" role="progress-bar" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 172px 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; width: 515px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="progress-bar-indicator-container progress-bar-section" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; text-align: left; width: 467px;"><div class="progress-bar-indicator" style="background-color: #8dc63f; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 467px;">
</div>
</td><td class="progress-bar-section progress-bar-percentage" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #666666; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 6px;">100%<span class="progress-bar-container-hidden-text" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute;">of survey complete.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="survey-submit-actions center-text" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 30px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<button class="btn small prev-button survey-page-button user-generated notranslate" data-previous-page-button="" style="-webkit-background-clip: padding-box; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgb(240, 240, 234), rgb(213, 215, 206)); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 6px 13px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" type="submit">Prev</button> <button class="btn small done-button survey-page-button user-generated notanslate" style="-webkit-background-clip: padding-box; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgb(240, 240, 234), rgb(213, 215, 206)); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); color: #333333; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 6px 13px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" type="submit">Done</button></div>
</form>
</section>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-72746376417381054572015-05-07T12:39:00.003-04:002015-05-07T12:39:55.268-04:00Thank you for your interest in Shoobx and our Beta program.<span style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 29.3999996185303px;">Thank you for your interest in Shoobx and our Beta program.</span><br />
<div class="body" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">
<header class="single-menu flat-menu" id="header" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: linear-gradient(rgb(246, 246, 246), white); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(237, 237, 237); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; filter: none; min-height: 86px; padding: 8px 0px; position: fixed; top: -57px; width: 1352px; z-index: 1001;"><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; height: 91px; margin-bottom: -77px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1170px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 1170px;">
<h1 class="logo logo-sticky-active" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in 0.2s; box-sizing: border-box; color: transparent; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 3.2em; font-weight: 200; height: 91px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 44px; margin: 0px; padding: 14px 0px 5px; transition: all 0.2s ease-in 0.2s; vertical-align: middle;">
<a href="http://www.shoobx.com/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #8dc63f; outline: none !important; position: relative; text-decoration: none; z-index: 1;"><img alt="Shoobx" data-sticky-height="40" data-sticky-width="82" height="73" src="http://enabled.shoobx.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Shoobx_logo_web.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 38px; position: relative; top: 28px; vertical-align: middle; width: 168px;" width="319" /></a></h1>
</div>
<div class="navbar-collapse nav-main-collapse collapse" style="border-top-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; max-height: 340px; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; width: auto;">
<div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 1170px;">
<nav class="nav-main mega-menu" id="primary-nav" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right;"><ul class="nav nav-pills nav-main" id="mainMenu" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; list-style: none; margin: 20px 0px -9px; padding-left: 0px; position: static;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: left; line-height: 24px; position: relative;"><a class="sticky-menu-active" href="http://www.shoobx.com/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: block; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 3px; outline: none !important; padding: 36px 13px 21px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;">ABOUT</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: left; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -4px; position: relative;"><a class="sticky-menu-active" href="http://www.shoobx.com/team/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: block; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 3px; outline: none !important; padding: 36px 13px 21px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;">TEAM</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: left; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -4px; position: relative;"><a class="sticky-menu-active" href="http://www.shoobx.com/careers-2/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: block; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 3px; outline: none !important; padding: 36px 13px 21px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;">CAREERS</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: left; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -4px; position: relative;"><a class="sticky-menu-active" href="http://www.shoobx.com/contact-us-2/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: block; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 3px; outline: none !important; padding: 36px 13px 21px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;">CONTACT US</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: left; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -4px; position: relative;"><a class="sticky-menu-active" href="http://www.shoobx.com/blog/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: block; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 3px; outline: none !important; padding: 36px 13px 21px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;">BLOG</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: left; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -4px; position: relative;"><a class="sticky-menu-active" href="https://app.shoobx.com/" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; display: block; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-right: 3px; outline: none !important; padding: 36px 13px 21px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;">BETA LOGIN</a></li>
</ul>
</nav></div>
</div>
</header><div class="main" role="main" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div class="post-2478 page type-page status-publish hentry post-1 odd" id="post-2478" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<section class="page-top" style="background-color: #171717; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 5px; border-top-color: rgb(56, 64, 69); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 35px; min-height: 50px; padding: 20px 0px; position: relative;"><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; width: 1170px;">
<div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">
<div class="col-md-12" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 1170px;">
<ul class="breadcrumb" style="background: none; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: -3px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="home" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; text-shadow: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="home" href="http://www.shoobx.com/" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #8dc63f; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Go to Shoobx.">Shoobx</a></span></li>
<li class="current_item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; text-shadow: none;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb">Apply</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">
<div class="col-md-12" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 1170px;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(141, 198, 63); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 2.6em; font-weight: 200; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 46px; margin: 0px 0px -25px; min-height: 37px; padding: 0px 0px 17px; position: relative;">
Apply</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><div class="" id="builder-row-544e555371808" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; width: 1170px;">
<div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">
<div class="span12 col-md-12 column_first column_last" id="builder-column-544ec7ccb3edf" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 1170px;">
<div class="module rich-text" id="builder-module-544e556d446f0" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div class="lead" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 20px;">
Thank you for your interest in Shoobx and our Beta program.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
We are currently accepting a limited number of companies for pre-release access. Please complete the survey below to help us determine if your company is a good fit for this beta program. We anticipate a public launch in 2015.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
All information is kept strictly confidential—please view our <a href="https://app.shoobx.com/privacy-and-terms.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #8dc63f; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;" title="terms of use and security and privacy policies">terms of use and privacy and security policies</a>.</div>
</div>
<div class="module module-html" id="builder-module-546b7a9696818" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div id="surveyMonkeyInfo" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 10px; padding: 4px; width: 900px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<iframe allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="600" id="sm_e_s" src="https://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=lJxIqappLnLCdSu2JzO0pg%3d%3d" style="border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-bottom: 4px;" width="900"></iframe></div>
<div class="clear" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="module rich-text" id="builder-module-546c105cf0f7a" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<footer id="footer" style="background: rgb(18, 18, 20); border-top-color: rgb(31, 31, 31); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px; padding: 80px 0px 0px; position: relative;"><div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; width: 1170px;">
<div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">
<div class="footer-ribbon" style="background: rgb(141, 198, 63); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -100px 0px 25px 22px; padding: 10px 20px 6px; position: absolute;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: 'Shadows Into Light', cursive; font-size: 1.6em;">Keep track of us!</span></div>
<div class="col-md-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-bottom: 25px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 292.5px;">
<div class="widget widget_mc4wp_widget" id="mc4wp_widget-2" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<h4 class="widget-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: 200; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 14px; text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 1px;">
Join Our Mailing List</h4>
<form action="http://www.shoobx.com/apply/" class="form mc4wp-form" id="mc4wp-form-1" method="post" style="-webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; opacity: 0.85; width: auto;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 15px !important; padding: 0px;">
<label for="mc4wp_email" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 700; margin: 6px 0px;">Email address:</label><input id="mc4wp_email" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Your email address" required="" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0745098) 0px 1px 1px inset; -webkit-transition: border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out; background-image: none; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0745098) 0px 1px 1px inset; color: #555555; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 34px; line-height: 1.428571429; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 12px; transition: border-color 0.15s ease-in-out, box-shadow 0.15s ease-in-out; vertical-align: middle; width: 262.5px;" type="email" /></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 15px !important; padding: 0px;">
<input style="-webkit-appearance: button; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(68, 68, 68) !important; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(40, 40, 40); box-shadow: none; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; cursor: pointer; filter: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: auto; line-height: 1.428571429; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 12px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; width: auto;" type="submit" value="Sign up" /></div>
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</div>
<div class="col-md-4" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-bottom: 25px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 390px;">
<div class="widget contact-details" id="spyropress_contact-2" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<h4 class="widget-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: 200; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 14px; text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 1px;">
Email Us</h4>
<ul class="contact list-unstyled" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span class="icon icon-envelope" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; float: left; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1; margin: 7px 8px 10px 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; top: 0px; width: 16px;"></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Email:</strong> <a href="mailto:feedback@shoobx.com" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;">feedback@shoobx.com</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<div class="col-md-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-bottom: 25px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 195px;">
<div class="widget " id="social_icons-3" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<h4 class="widget-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: 200; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 14px; text-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 1px 1px 1px;">
Follow Us</h4>
<div class="social-icons" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<ul class="social-icons" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<li class="facebook" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; background-color: white; background-image: url(http://www.shoobx.com/wp-content/themes/porto/assets/img/social-sprites.png); background-position: 0px -120px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 100%; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039) 0px 2px 2px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; margin: -1px 1px 5px 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease;"><a data-original-title="Facebook" data-placement="bottom" href="https://www.facebook.com/shoobx" rel="tooltip" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: block; height: 30px; outline: none !important; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -9999px; width: 30px;" target="_blank" title="">Facebook</a></li>
<li class="twitter" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; background-color: white; background-image: url(http://www.shoobx.com/wp-content/themes/porto/assets/img/social-sprites.png); background-position: 0px -1140px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 100%; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039) 0px 2px 2px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; margin: -1px 1px 5px 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease;"><a data-original-title="Twitter" data-placement="bottom" href="http://www.twitter.com/shoobxinc" rel="tooltip" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: block; height: 30px; outline: none !important; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -9999px; width: 30px;" target="_blank" title="">Twitter</a></li>
<li class="linkedin" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; background-color: white; background-image: url(http://www.shoobx.com/wp-content/themes/porto/assets/img/social-sprites.png); background-position: 0px -540px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 100%; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039) 0px 2px 2px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; margin: -1px 1px 5px 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease;"><a data-original-title="Linkedin" data-placement="bottom" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/3313335" rel="tooltip" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: block; height: 30px; outline: none !important; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -9999px; width: 30px;" target="_blank" title="">Linkedin</a></li>
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<div class="footer-copyright" style="background: rgb(12, 12, 12); border-top-color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 40px; padding: 30px 0px 10px;">
<div class="container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; width: 1170px;">
<div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">
<div class="col-md-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-bottom: 25px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 97.5px;">
<a class="logo" href="http://www.shoobx.com/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: block; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Shoobx" src="http://enabled.shoobx.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Shoobx_reverse_footer.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div>
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<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; line-height: 24px; padding: 0px;">
© 2014 Shoobx, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-bottom: 25px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 390px;">
<nav class="menu-useful-links-container" id="sub-menu" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right;"><ul class="" id="menu-useful-links" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="border: medium none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 0px 0px;"><a href="http://www.shoobx.com/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;">Home</a></li>
<li style="border-left-color: rgb(80, 80, 80); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px;"><a href="http://www.shoobx.com/contact-us-2/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;">Contact Us</a></li>
<li style="border-left-color: rgb(80, 80, 80); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px;"><a href="https://app.shoobx.com/privacy-and-terms.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; outline: none !important; text-decoration: none;">Privacy & Terms</a></li>
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<a class="scroll-to-top visible" href="http://www.shoobx.com/apply/#" id="scrollToTop" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.3s; background: rgb(64, 64, 64); border-radius: 7px 7px 0px 0px; bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; height: 9px; line-height: 22px; opacity: 0.75; outline: none !important; padding: 13px 0px 35px; position: fixed; right: 10px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s; width: 49px; z-index: 1040;"><span class="icon icon-chevron-up icon-white" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; line-height: 1;"></span></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-84117518686672859322015-05-07T12:37:00.002-04:002015-05-07T12:37:16.882-04:00Good decision<h2 class="heading citrixsans" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #444444; font-family: citrixsans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 3.5rem; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin: 50px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
Good decision.</h2>
<h2 class="subheading citrixsans" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #999999; font-family: citrixsans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 25px; margin: 25px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
Create your <span style="font-weight: 700;">free</span> account and join over 500,000 teams getting their work done on Podio.</h2>
<div class="content with-foot " style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902) 0px 2px 5px 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; margin: 30px auto 20px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 528px;">
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://podio.com/signup" class="enable-form-validation" data-conversion-group="signup" data-form-event-tracking="SignUp,Sendverification,NewSignupPage" data-validation-instant="true" id="new_user" method="post" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 20px; position: relative; text-align: left; width: auto;">
<div style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
</div>
<dl style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px; position: relative;">
<dt style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><label for="user_mail" style="display: block; float: left; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding-right: 5px;">Your work email address</label><span style="color: #d94850; line-height: 14px;">*</span></dt>
<dd style="clear: both; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 478px;"><input autofocus="autofocus" class="required remote_email" id="user_mail" name="user[mail]" size="30" style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 38px; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 6px; width: 478px;" tabindex="1" type="text" /></dd>
<dt style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><label for="user_name" style="display: block; float: left; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding-right: 5px;">Your full name</label><span style="color: #d94850; line-height: 14px;">*</span></dt>
<dd style="clear: both; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 478px;"><input class="required" id="user_name" name="user[name]" size="30" style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 38px; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 6px; width: 478px;" tabindex="2" type="text" /></dd>
<dt style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><label for="user_password" style="display: block; float: left; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding-right: 5px;">Create a password</label><span style="color: #d94850; line-height: 14px;">*</span></dt>
<dd style="clear: both; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 478px;"><input class="password" id="user_password" name="user[password]" size="30" style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 38px; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 6px; width: 478px;" tabindex="3" type="password" value="" /><div class="password-meter" data-for="user[password]" style="float: right; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; right: 0px; top: 0px;">
<div class="label" style="float: left; font-size: 1.2rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
</div>
<ol class="steps" style="float: right; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="first" style="background: rgb(233, 233, 233); display: inline-block; height: 6px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 30px;"></li>
<li class="second" style="background: rgb(233, 233, 233); display: inline-block; height: 6px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 30px;"></li>
<li class="third" style="background: rgb(233, 233, 233); display: inline-block; height: 6px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 30px;"></li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="image-block tos-privacy-submit" style="margin: 55px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="img-ext" style="float: right; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<button class="setupbutton button-new green" style="background-color: #5fc660; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: white; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 700; height: 40px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; min-width: 110px; padding: 1px 10px; white-space: nowrap;" tabindex="4" type="submit">Sign up</button></div>
<div class="bd privacy-link-wrapper" style="margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
By clicking, I accept the <a href="https://company.podio.com/terms" style="color: #3376a4; text-decoration: none;">Terms of Service</a><br />Your <a class="privacy-link" href="https://company.podio.com/privacy" style="color: #3376a4; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">privacy</a> is protected.</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div class="content-foot" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; border-top-color: rgb(219, 219, 218); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 20px;">
<div class="linked-account-buttons v2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="teaser" style="float: right; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 175px;">
<h4 style="color: #666666; font-size: 1.3rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
Connect.</h4>
<div style="color: #666666; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
Sign up with a service to instantly find and invite your co-workers</div>
<div class="avatars" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px;">
<img alt="1" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/1.png" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /> <img alt="2" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/2.png" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /> <img alt="3" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/3.png" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /> <img alt="4" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/4.jpg" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /> <img alt="5" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/5.jpg" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /><img alt="6" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/6.jpg" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /> <img alt="7" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/7.png" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /> <img alt="8" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/8.png" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /> <img alt="9" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/9.jpg" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /> <img alt="10" height="32" src="https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/avatar/login_signup/10.png" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px;" width="32" /></div>
</div>
<div class="linked-account-signin" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://podio.com/sso/start" class="sso-form iphone" data-provider="google" id="google_form" method="get" novalidate="novalidate" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; width: auto;">
<div style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
</div>
<button class="button-new silver" data-floodlight="Podio_Confirm_Q3" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 4px; min-width: 230px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap; width: 230px;" type="submit"><div class="left icon-16 icon-google" style="background: url(https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/mastersprite16-one_jan272015.png) 0px -1504px no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 16px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;">
</div>
Sign up with Google</button></form>
</div>
<div class="linked-account-signin" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://podio.com/sso/start" class="sso-form iphone" data-provider="facebook" id="facebook_form" method="get" novalidate="novalidate" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; width: auto;">
<div style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
</div>
<button class="button-new silver" data-floodlight="Podio_Confirm_Q3" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 4px; min-width: 230px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap; width: 230px;" type="submit"><div class="left icon-16 icon-facebook" style="background: url(https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/mastersprite16-one_jan272015.png) 0px -4320px no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 16px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;">
</div>
Sign up with Facebook</button></form>
</div>
<div class="linked-account-signin" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://podio.com/sso/start" class="sso-form iphone" data-provider="live" id="live_form" method="get" novalidate="novalidate" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; width: auto;">
<div style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
</div>
<button class="button-new silver" data-floodlight="Podio_Confirm_Q3" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 4px; min-width: 230px; padding: 7px 15px; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap; width: 230px;" type="submit"><div class="left icon-16 icon-16-integration-live" style="background: url(https://d2cmuesa4snpwn.cloudfront.net/images/mastersprite16-two_jan272015.png) 0px -3984px no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 16px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;">
</div>
Sign up with Live</button></form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-56837983506634684902015-05-07T12:36:00.002-04:002015-05-07T12:36:37.264-04:00We are excited to help you get your startup off the ground. On account of the high volume of organizations that we sponsor, please be patient with us, as it may take up to 1 week before we respond. But hang tight - we are looking forward to being in touch!<div id="content" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 0px 3px 5px 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0900001525879px; line-height: 14.8827905654907px; margin: 0px; padding: 34px 30px;">
<div class="messages success" data-qa-id="webform-success-page" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="color: #444444; font-size: 18.570240020752px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
We are excited to help you get your startup off the ground. On account of the high volume of organizations that we sponsor, please be patient with us, as it may take up to 1 week before we respond. But hang tight - we are looking forward to being in touch!</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div id="branding" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 50px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
You can make your own webforms and much more with Podio</div>
<a class="signup-button flatbutton green" data-tracking="Webform,ThankYou,Signup" href="https://podio.com/signup?source_id=82476&source_type=share&utm_source=webform&utm_medium=webform&utm_content=createsignup&utm_campaign=webform" style="background-color: #5fc660; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: none; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 700; height: 34px; line-height: 34px; margin: 50px auto; max-width: 150px; padding: 1px 15px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sign up for free</a><a class="read-more" data-tracking="Webform,ThankYou,ReadMore" href="https://podio.com/?utm_source=webform&utm_medium=webform&utm_content=createread&utm_campaign=webform" style="color: #444444; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">or read more about Podio</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-10027113361441867922015-05-07T12:34:00.000-04:002015-05-07T12:34:10.815-04:00Apply for a Podio Sponsorship for your Startup organization<br />
<div id="branding" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 50px 0px 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<a data-tracking="Webform,Form,PoweredBy" href="https://podio.com/?utm_source=webform&utm_medium=webform&utm_content=showpowered&utm_campaign=webform" id="podio-link" style="color: #444444; display: block; margin-top: 50px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"></a></div>
<br />
<div id="content" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 0px 3px 5px 0px; color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0900001525879px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14.8827905654907px; margin: 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 34px 30px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://podio.com/webforms/1966216/133423" enctype="multipart/form-data" id="webform-form" method="post" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" target="podio_comm_frame">
<h5 style="color: #444444; font-size: 1.4rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px;">
Apply for a Podio Sponsorship for your Startup organization</h5>
<div class="form-description" style="margin: 0px 0px 42px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;">
Please fill in the following form to apply for Podio's startup sponsorship program. We are excited to work with you and help turn your startup into a super organized growth machine!</div>
</div>
<div class="form" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="field" data-description="" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988798">Company Name</label><em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><input class="text required" id="field_14988798" name="field_14988798" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 480px;" type="text" /></div>
<div class="field" data-description="" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<h5 class="contact-header" style="color: #444444; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 0px;">
Contact Information</h5>
<div class="contact-fields" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988801_name">Name</label> <em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><input class="text required-first-or-empty required" id="field_14988801_name" name="field_14988801[name]" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 470px;" type="text" /><span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988801_title">Title</label> <em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><input class="text required" id="field_14988801_title" name="field_14988801[title]" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 470px;" type="text" /><span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988801_phone">Phone</label> <em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><input class="text required" id="field_14988801_phone" name="field_14988801[phone]" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 470px;" type="text" /><span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988801_mail">Email</label> <em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><input class="text email required" id="field_14988801_mail" name="field_14988801[mail]" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 470px;" type="text" /></div>
</div>
<div class="field" data-description="" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988802">Address, Zipcode, City, Country</label><em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><textarea class=" required" id="field_14988802" name="field_14988802" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; height: 75px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 480px;"></textarea></div>
<div class="field" data-description="" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988803">Website</label><em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><input class="text required" id="field_14988803" name="field_14988803" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 480px;" type="text" /></div>
<div class="field" data-description="At what stage is your startup?" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_16261560">What best defines your company</label><em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><select class="state required" id="field_16261560" name="field_16261560" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5px !important;"><option value="1">Startup- Pre-funding</option> <option value="2">Startup- Seed/Angel funding</option> <option value="3">Startup- Series A</option> <option value="4">Startup- Series B or later</option> <option value="5">Public / Acquired</option> <option value="10">Other (Eg. Co-working space, Accelerator, Incubator, etc.)</option></select></div>
<div class="field" data-description="" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988808">Describe your company in one sentence</label></span><textarea id="field_14988808" name="field_14988808" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; height: 75px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 480px;"></textarea></div>
<div class="field" data-description="" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988809">What will you use Podio for?</label></span><textarea id="field_14988809" name="field_14988809" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; height: 75px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 480px;"></textarea></div>
<div class="field" data-description="" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_45090592">How did you hear about this offer? Are you involved with any startup associations, incubators or co-working spaces? *If you're a Wamda member, please write your Card Number here</label></span><input class="text" id="field_45090592" name="field_45090592" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 480px;" type="text" /></div>
<div class="field" data-description="" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="label" style="clear: both; color: #444444; display: block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 10px;"><label for="field_14988810">How many users would you like to have sponsored on Podio?</label><em style="color: red; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 3px;">*</em></span><input class="text localeAwareNumber required" id="field_14988810" name="field_14988810" style="border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.9690999984741px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 6px; width: 480px;" type="text" /></div>
<div class="field captcha" style="clear: both; margin: 10px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<div class=" recaptcha_nothad_incorrect_sol recaptcha_isnot_showing_audio" id="dynamic_recaptcha" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div id="recaptcha_area" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<table class="recaptchatable recaptcha_theme_clean" id="recaptcha_table" style="border-collapse: collapse !important; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(223, 223, 223) !important; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px !important; vertical-align: middle !important;"><tbody style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; left: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto;">
<tr height="73" style="border-collapse: collapse !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: black; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: middle !important;"><td class="recaptcha_image_cell" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: black; height: 57px; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 7px !important; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: middle !important;" width="302"><center style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; height: 57px; left: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto;">
<div id="recaptcha_image" style="border: 1px solid rgb(223, 223, 223) !important; bottom: auto; color: black; height: 57px; left: auto; margin: auto; padding: 0px; position: relative; right: auto; top: auto; width: 300px;">
<img alt="reCAPTCHA challenge image" height="57" id="recaptcha_challenge_image" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/image?c=03AHJ_Vuttxv1WbaiDhJ0yWIxeBz72kAtDUZ5IV-OqSYoKObcPDxKsQtt-g8s4J9kCE2dqsQXWXWdLxbdxKZEfWJ9-SppOdCWQuN_G_Oosv3fYBmTuoIVOiJ4sLXx5iqroQoD8Yl_JzOIoTwjMsPQ0gdAIPm8y6fSG3z79PvID9CDB4JRdZNV2-LeQKYulOeCc5pCHEhtgvE2sWsUIuh65Evxq0_50b1lKUsZjFkBwgy2dmEZZndYHvL2aHyBdAooASl13sLyq-6JYdig0Dq3AQFHXelBxjKCK5g&th=,U6Kwp3sPgtPDiyO2UI8fzCTHejfwAAAAa6AAAAAF2AC54eTdHUVwR0FvO9DvL4VQCoX_bC1bx_mkxHabk-ErEEMe69fzV4enjfDn25wplDxffJjeTPLqmbSk80I0sK4TasE_ck4b76WqRQleVgpLKCoPqQ5GDLGmg4ERMc28dTk3OQyn-kH0xhzjSR6_-sYW6rjBIlAlCEQ481CBd98dQzmmuczTG2knhQeLBWrsHJAorJFnj7lqFBDMglaarTsb-iGtUlyuQGcKLSuA3mRUzX1wquK3HKquK5I" style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; display: block; height: 57px; left: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto;" width="300" /></div>
</center>
</td><td style="border-collapse: collapse !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: black; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 10px 7px 7px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: middle !important;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="recaptcha_reload_btn" style="background: none !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal; left: auto; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; position: static; right: auto; text-decoration: none; top: auto;" title="Get a new challenge"><img alt="Get a new challenge" height="18" id="recaptcha_reload" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/img/clean/refresh.png" style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; display: block; left: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto;" width="25" /></a><a class="recaptcha_only_if_image" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="recaptcha_switch_audio_btn" style="background: none !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal; left: auto; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; position: static; right: auto; text-decoration: none; top: auto;" title="Get an audio challenge"><img alt="Get an audio challenge" height="15" id="recaptcha_switch_audio" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/img/clean/audio.png" style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; display: block; left: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto;" width="25" /></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="recaptcha_whatsthis_btn" style="background: none !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal; left: auto; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; position: static; right: auto; text-decoration: none; top: auto;" title="Help"><img alt="Help" height="16" id="recaptcha_whatsthis" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/img/clean/help.png" style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; display: block; left: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto;" width="25" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: black; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 18px 7px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: middle !important;"><img alt="" height="36" id="recaptcha_logo" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/img/clean/logo.png" style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; display: block; left: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto;" width="71" /></td></tr>
<tr style="border-collapse: collapse !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: black; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: middle !important;"><td style="border-collapse: collapse !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: black; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0px 0px 7px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: middle !important;"><div class="recaptcha_input_area" style="background: none !important; border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; left: auto; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 7px; position: relative !important; right: auto; top: auto;">
<input autocomplete="off" id="recaptcha_response_field" name="recaptcha_response_field" placeholder="Type the text" style="border: 1px solid rgb(60, 60, 60); bottom: auto; color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; left: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; width: 302px;" type="text" /></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border-collapse: collapse !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: black; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: middle !important;"><span class="recaptcha_only_if_privacy" id="recaptcha_privacy" style="border: 0px; bottom: auto; color: black; float: right; left: auto; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; text-align: right; top: auto;"><a href="http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/" style="background: none !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: normal; left: auto; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; position: static; right: auto; text-decoration: none; top: auto;" target="_blank">Privacy & Terms</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="buttons" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 480px;">
<input class="submit" name="commit" style="background: linear-gradient(rgb(255, 255, 255), rgb(246, 246, 246)); border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0470588) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0470588) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.247059); border-radius: 5px; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: both; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.145299911499px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 5px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 10px; text-decoration: none;" type="submit" value="Apply for Sponsorship" /></div>
</form>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-36615128425887319932015-05-07T12:05:00.000-04:002015-05-07T12:05:19.274-04:00Sign up for a free hour of product consulting from Pivotal Labs<h2 style="background-color: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: ff-good-headline-pro-condensed; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: uppercase;">
PIVOTAL LABS - BOSTON</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;">
745 Atlantic Ave, 7th Floor<br />Boston, MA 02111<br /><a href="mailto:office-hours@pivotal.io" style="background: transparent; color: #3d9991; text-decoration: none;">office-hours@pivotal.io</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #2e2e2e; color: white; font-family: adobe-garamond-pro; font-size: 24px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 36px; text-align: center;">Sign up for a free hour of product consulting from Pivotal Labs</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;">
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<main id="page" role="main" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: subpixel-antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.701961); font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; margin: auto; max-width: 1020px; padding: 96px 32px; width: auto;"><div class="main-content" data-collection-id="53fe1ddee4b00f5789683178" data-content-field="main-content" data-edit-main-image="Banner" id="content" style="margin: auto; width: 956px;">
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ACTIONABLE ADVICE.</h1>
Product Office Hours is a free hour of consulting.<br />
We'll talk through whatever is keeping you up at night, from a tricky on-boarding flow, to scaling challenges, to bumps along the road to product market fit.<br />
You and your team will spend a full hour workshopping a specific product or design challenge. <a href="http://www.productlabs.io/what-we-cover" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3d9991; text-decoration: none;">Learn what past attendees have workshopped</a>.<br />
We give advice you can act on today. We'll make sure you walk out the door knowing how to move forward.<br />
<h1 style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.901961); font-family: ff-good-headline-pro-condensed; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: uppercase;">
FROM EXPERTS. FOR STARTUPS.</h1>
We are fellow practitioners and startup veterans. We love solving problems in early stage companies. We aspire to do good things for good people who are working on hard problems.<br />
Are you a founder? A new product manager? Trying to get something off the ground? We want to help.<br />
<h1 style="color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.901961); font-family: ff-good-headline-pro-condensed; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: uppercase;">
NO COST. NO STRINGS. CONFIDENTIAL.</h1>
Anything you share in Product Office Hours will be kept confidential.<br />
There are no strings attached. If you want to learn more about what Pivotal Labs can offer, that's great! If not, that's fine too. We're confident you'll find value in value in the session, whatever the outcome.</div>
</div>
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<a class="sqs-block-button-element--medium sqs-block-button-element" href="http://www.productlabs.io/sign-up" style="-webkit-appearance: none; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.1s linear; background: rgb(54, 179, 168); border-color: rgb(54, 179, 168); border-width: 0px; color: white; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 600; height: auto; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: normal; outline: none; padding: 21px 34px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.1s linear; width: auto;">SIGN UP</a></div>
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SIGN UP FOR PRODUCT OFFICE HOURS</h1>
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<form action="https://lauren-gilchrist-x7wf.squarespace.com/" autocomplete="on" method="POST">
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<div class="form-item field text required" id="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_125995" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;">
<label class="title" for="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_125995-field" style="display: block;">Your Name <span class="required">*</span></label><input class="field-element text" id="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_125995-field" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; padding: 12px; width: 478px;" type="text" /></div>
<div class="form-item field email required" id="email-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_182262" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;">
<label class="title" for="email-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_182262-field" style="display: block;">Your Email <span class="required">*</span></label><input class="field-element" id="email-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_182262-field" name="email" spellcheck="false" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; padding: 12px; width: 478px;" type="text" x-autocompletetype="email" /></div>
<div class="form-item field text required" id="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1409254529042_17289" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;">
<label class="title" for="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1409254529042_17289-field" style="display: block;">Startup Name <span class="required">*</span></label><input class="field-element text" id="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1409254529042_17289-field" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; padding: 12px; width: 478px;" type="text" /></div>
<div class="form-item field select required" id="select-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_75571" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;">
<label class="title" for="select-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_75571-field" style="display: block;">Which Pivotal Labs Office is closest to you? <span class="required">*</span></label><select name="select-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_75571-field" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; max-width: 100%;"> <option value="New York">New York</option> <option value="San Francisco">San Francisco</option> <option value="London">London</option> <option value="Toronto">Toronto</option> <option value="Boston">Boston</option> <option value="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</option> <option value="Seattle">Seattle</option> <option value="Chicago">Chicago</option> <option value="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</option> <option value="Denver">Denver</option> </select></div>
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<label class="title" for="textarea-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_136577-field" style="display: block;">How can we help you? What would you like to focus on in your time with us? <span class="required">*</span></label><textarea class="field-element " id="textarea-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_136577-field" placeholder="e.g. how to improve a view for different user types, how to align features with larger business goals, etc" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 2px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; min-height: 100px; overflow: auto; padding: 12px; resize: vertical; vertical-align: top; width: 478px;"></textarea></div>
<div class="form-item field text" id="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1426775375808_28371" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;">
<label class="title" for="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1426775375808_28371-field" style="display: block;">Phone Number</label><input class="field-element text" id="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1426775375808_28371-field" placeholder="(help us coordinate with you!)" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; padding: 12px; width: 478px;" type="text" /></div>
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<label class="title" for="website-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_211107-field" style="display: block;">Website / App Store Link (if applicable)</label><input class="field-element" id="website-yui_3_17_2_1_1409162654053_211107-field" spellcheck="false" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; padding: 12px 12px 12px 45px; width: 478px;" type="text" /><div class="prefix" style="bottom: 16px; color: #aaaaaa; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; left: 8px; line-height: 16px; position: absolute;">
http://</div>
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<div class="form-item field text" id="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1426775375808_42275" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;">
<label class="title" for="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1426775375808_42275-field" style="display: block;">How did you hear about Product Office Hours?</label><input class="field-element text" id="text-yui_3_17_2_1_1426775375808_42275-field" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; padding: 12px; width: 478px;" type="text" /></div>
<div class="form-item field textarea" id="textarea-yui_3_17_2_1_1409164057186_15928" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;">
<label class="title" for="textarea-yui_3_17_2_1_1409164057186_15928-field" style="display: block;">Anything else you would like us to know?</label><textarea class="field-element " id="textarea-yui_3_17_2_1_1409164057186_15928-field" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-radius: 2px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 6px 0px 4px; min-height: 100px; overflow: auto; padding: 12px; resize: vertical; vertical-align: top; width: 478px;"></textarea></div>
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<input class="button sqs-system-button sqs-editable-button" style="-webkit-appearance: none; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.1s linear; background-color: #1a1a1a; border-color: rgb(26, 26, 26); border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; color: white; cursor: pointer; font-family: proxima-nova; font-size: 14px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 1em 2.5em; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.1s linear; width: auto;" type="submit" value="Submit" /></div>
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</main><div class="" id="preFooter" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: rgba(81, 77, 86, 0.901961); color: white; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: start;">
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<div class="sqs-layout sqs-grid-12 columns-12" data-layout-label="Pre-Footer Content" data-type="block-field" data-updated-on="1427921624397" id="preFooterBlocks" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 32px;">
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TESTIMONIALS</h1>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="col sqs-col-4 span-4" style="float: left; width: 329.984375px;">
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<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
"Pivotal's product managers brought an experienced lens to our user testing; they helped us identify pain points in the UX and worked through potential solutions."<br />
– Raquel Hernandez, Co-CTO of <a href="http://itsglimpse.com/" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: white; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Glimpse</a></div>
</div>
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<div class="col sqs-col-5 span-5" style="float: left; padding-right: 0px; width: 412.5px;">
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-yui_3_17_2_3_1427921026398_7624" style="-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.1s ease-in-out; clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 17px; position: relative; transition: box-shadow 0.1s ease-in-out;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
"If you think you want to get into Techstars and YC etc, go see Pivotal first."<br />
– Matt Wright, founder of <a href="http://stitched.io/posts/2015-03-31-love-hurts-pivitol-office-hours/" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: white; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sitched</a></div>
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<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
"Ringing, ringing endorsement for product office hours!! In 60 minutes, we basically re-designed the landing page that sees the brunt of our traffic. Do it. Seriously."<br />
– Ally Downey, founder of <a href="http://www.weespring.com/" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: white; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">weeSpring</a></div>
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<div class="pre-footer-inner" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out 0.1s; box-sizing: border-box; margin: auto; max-width: 1020px; transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out 0.1s; width: auto;">
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<div class="row sqs-row" style="margin-left: -17px; margin-right: -17px; width: auto !important;">
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TESTIMONIALS</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row sqs-row" style="width: auto !important;">
<div class="col sqs-col-4 span-4" style="float: left; width: 329.984375px;">
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-yui_3_17_2_1_1409333127158_4978" style="-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.1s ease-in-out; clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 17px; position: relative; transition: box-shadow 0.1s ease-in-out;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
"Pivotal's product managers brought an experienced lens to our user testing; they helped us identify pain points in the UX and worked through potential solutions."<br />
– Raquel Hernandez, Co-CTO of <a href="http://itsglimpse.com/" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: white; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Glimpse</a></div>
</div>
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<div class="col sqs-col-5 span-5" style="float: left; padding-right: 0px; width: 412.5px;">
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-yui_3_17_2_3_1427921026398_7624" style="-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.1s ease-in-out; clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 17px; position: relative; transition: box-shadow 0.1s ease-in-out;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
"If you think you want to get into Techstars and YC etc, go see Pivotal first."<br />
– Matt Wright, founder of <a href="http://stitched.io/posts/2015-03-31-love-hurts-pivitol-office-hours/" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: white; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sitched</a></div>
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<div class="sqs-block-content">
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</div>
</div>
<div class="col sqs-col-3 span-3" style="float: left; padding-right: 0px; width: 247.5px;">
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"Ringing, ringing endorsement for product office hours!! In 60 minutes, we basically re-designed the landing page that sees the brunt of our traffic. Do it. Seriously."<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-1934810733357854512015-05-07T10:08:00.002-04:002015-05-07T10:08:50.756-04:00Tech Generation Company Form<header class="info" id="header" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; clear: both; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0.129999995231628px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px 6.109375px 1.1em;"><h2 style="clear: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20.7999992370605px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 5px;">
Tech Generation Company Form</h2>
<div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; line-height: 16.6725006103516px;">
We're excited to help you find the talent you're looking for.<br /><br />Once you complete the form, we will build your company profile and send you weekly emails with appropriate candidate applications.</div>
</header><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0.129999995231628px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li1" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field1" id="title1" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Company Name <span class="req" id="req_1" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field1" maxlength="255" name="Field1" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="1" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li225" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field225" id="title225" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Company description in 140 characters or less. <span class="req" id="req_225" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<textarea class="field textarea medium" cols="50" id="Field225" name="Field225" required="" rows="10" spellcheck="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; height: 10em; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; width: 293px;" tabindex="2"></textarea><label for="Field225" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Maximum Allowed: <var id="rangeMaxMsg225" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">140</var> characters. <em class="currently" style="display: inline;">Currently Used: <var id="rangeUsedMsg225" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">0</var> characters.</em></label></div>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct225" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li209" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field209" id="title209" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Website <span class="req" id="req_209" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field209" maxlength="255" name="Field209" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="3" type="url" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="complex notranslate " id="fo2li210" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field210" id="title210" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Address <span class="req" id="req_210" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="full addr1" style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: auto;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field210" name="Field210" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 391.671875px;" tabindex="4" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field210" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Street Address</label></span><span class="full addr2" style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: auto;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field211" name="Field211" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 391.671875px;" tabindex="5" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field211" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Address Line 2</label></span><span class="left city" style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 188px;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field212" name="Field212" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 188px;" tabindex="6" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field212" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">City</label></span><span class="right state" style="display: block; float: right; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 188px;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field213" name="Field213" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 188px;" tabindex="7" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field213" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">State / Province / Region</label></span><span class="left zip" style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 188px;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field214" maxlength="15" name="Field214" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 188px;" tabindex="8" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field214" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Postal / Zip Code</label></span><span class="right country" style="display: block; float: right; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 188px;"><select class="field select addr" id="Field215" name="Field215" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 1px 0px 0px; width: 188px;" tabindex="9"> <option selected="selected" value=""></option> <option value="United States">United States</option> <option value="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</option> <option value="Australia">Australia</option> <option value="Canada">Canada</option> <option value="France">France</option> <option value="New Zealand">New Zealand</option> <option value="India">India</option> <option value="Brazil">Brazil</option> <option value="----">----</option> <option value="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</option> <option value="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</option> <option value="Albania">Albania</option> <option value="Algeria">Algeria</option> <option value="American Samoa">American Samoa</option> <option value="Andorra">Andorra</option> <option value="Angola">Angola</option> <option value="Anguilla">Anguilla</option> <option value="Antarctica">Antarctica</option> <option value="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</option> <option value="Argentina">Argentina</option> <option value="Armenia">Armenia</option> <option value="Aruba">Aruba</option> <option value="Austria">Austria</option> <option value="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</option> <option value="Bahamas">Bahamas</option> <option value="Bahrain">Bahrain</option> <option value="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</option> <option value="Barbados">Barbados</option> <option value="Belarus">Belarus</option> <option value="Belgium">Belgium</option> <option value="Belize">Belize</option> <option value="Benin">Benin</option> <option value="Bermuda">Bermuda</option> <option value="Bhutan">Bhutan</option> <option value="Bolivia">Bolivia</option> <option value="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option> <option value="Botswana">Botswana</option> <option value="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</option> <option value="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</option> <option value="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</option> <option value="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</option> <option value="Burundi">Burundi</option> <option value="Cambodia">Cambodia</option> <option value="Cameroon">Cameroon</option> <option value="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</option> <option value="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</option> <option value="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</option> <option value="Chad">Chad</option> <option value="Chile">Chile</option> <option value="China">China</option> <option value="Colombia">Colombia</option> <option value="Comoros">Comoros</option> <option value="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</option> <option value="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</option> <option value="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</option> <option value="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</option> <option value="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</option> <option value="Croatia">Croatia</option> <option value="Cuba">Cuba</option> <option value="Cyprus">Cyprus</option> <option value="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</option> <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option> <option value="Djibouti">Djibouti</option> <option value="Dominica">Dominica</option> <option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="East Timor">East Timor</option> <option value="Ecuador">Ecuador</option> <option value="Egypt">Egypt</option> <option value="El Salvador">El Salvador</option> <option value="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="Eritrea">Eritrea</option> <option value="Estonia">Estonia</option> <option value="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</option> <option value="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</option> <option value="Fiji">Fiji</option> <option value="Finland">Finland</option> <option value="Gabon">Gabon</option> <option value="Gambia">Gambia</option> <option value="Georgia">Georgia</option> <option value="Germany">Germany</option> <option value="Ghana">Ghana</option> <option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</option> <option value="Greece">Greece</option> <option value="Grenada">Grenada</option> <option value="Guatemala">Guatemala</option> <option value="Guinea">Guinea</option> <option value="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</option> <option value="Guyana">Guyana</option> <option value="Haiti">Haiti</option> <option value="Honduras">Honduras</option> <option value="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</option> <option value="Hungary">Hungary</option> <option value="Iceland">Iceland</option> <option value="Indonesia">Indonesia</option> <option value="Iran">Iran</option> <option value="Iraq">Iraq</option> <option value="Ireland">Ireland</option> <option value="Israel">Israel</option> <option value="Italy">Italy</option> <option value="Jamaica">Jamaica</option> <option value="Japan">Japan</option> <option value="Jordan">Jordan</option> <option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</option> <option value="Kenya">Kenya</option> <option value="Kiribati">Kiribati</option> <option value="North Korea">North Korea</option> <option value="South Korea">South Korea</option> <option value="Kuwait">Kuwait</option> <option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="Laos">Laos</option> <option value="Latvia">Latvia</option> <option value="Lebanon">Lebanon</option> <option value="Lesotho">Lesotho</option> <option value="Liberia">Liberia</option> <option value="Libya">Libya</option> <option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</option> <option value="Lithuania">Lithuania</option> <option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</option> <option value="Macedonia">Macedonia</option> <option value="Madagascar">Madagascar</option> <option value="Malawi">Malawi</option> <option value="Malaysia">Malaysia</option> <option value="Maldives">Maldives</option> <option value="Mali">Mali</option> <option value="Malta">Malta</option> <option value="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</option> <option value="Mauritania">Mauritania</option> <option value="Mauritius">Mauritius</option> <option value="Mexico">Mexico</option> <option value="Micronesia">Micronesia</option> <option value="Moldova">Moldova</option> <option value="Monaco">Monaco</option> <option value="Mongolia">Mongolia</option> <option value="Montenegro">Montenegro</option> <option value="Morocco">Morocco</option> <option value="Mozambique">Mozambique</option> <option value="Myanmar">Myanmar</option> <option value="Namibia">Namibia</option> <option value="Nauru">Nauru</option> <option value="Nepal">Nepal</option> <option value="Netherlands">Netherlands</option> <option value="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</option> <option value="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</option> <option value="Niger">Niger</option> <option value="Nigeria">Nigeria</option> <option value="Norway">Norway</option> <option value="Oman">Oman</option> <option value="Pakistan">Pakistan</option> <option value="Palau">Palau</option> <option value="Palestine">Palestine</option> <option value="Panama">Panama</option> <option value="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</option> <option value="Paraguay">Paraguay</option> <option value="Peru">Peru</option> <option value="Philippines">Philippines</option> <option value="Poland">Poland</option> <option value="Portugal">Portugal</option> <option value="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</option> <option value="Qatar">Qatar</option> <option value="Romania">Romania</option> <option value="Russia">Russia</option> <option value="Rwanda">Rwanda</option> <option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option> <option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</option> <option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option> <option value="Samoa">Samoa</option> <option value="San Marino">San Marino</option> <option value="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</option> <option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</option> <option value="Senegal">Senegal</option> <option value="Serbia">Serbia</option> <option value="Seychelles">Seychelles</option> <option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</option> <option value="Singapore">Singapore</option> <option value="Slovakia">Slovakia</option> <option value="Slovenia">Slovenia</option> <option value="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</option> <option value="Somalia">Somalia</option> <option value="South Africa">South Africa</option> <option value="Spain">Spain</option> <option value="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</option> <option value="Sudan">Sudan</option> <option value="Suriname">Suriname</option> <option value="Swaziland">Swaziland</option> <option value="Sweden">Sweden</option> <option value="Switzerland">Switzerland</option> <option value="Syria">Syria</option> <option value="Taiwan">Taiwan</option> <option value="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</option> <option value="Tanzania">Tanzania</option> <option value="Thailand">Thailand</option> <option value="Togo">Togo</option> <option value="Tonga">Tonga</option> <option value="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</option> <option value="Tunisia">Tunisia</option> <option value="Turkey">Turkey</option> <option value="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</option> <option value="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</option> <option value="Uganda">Uganda</option> <option value="Ukraine">Ukraine</option> <option value="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</option> <option value="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</option> <option value="Uruguay">Uruguay</option> <option value="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</option> <option value="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</option> <option value="Vatican City">Vatican City</option> <option value="Venezuela">Venezuela</option> <option value="Vietnam">Vietnam</option> <option value="Virgin Islands, British">Virgin Islands, British</option> <option value="Virgin Islands, U.S.">Virgin Islands, U.S.</option> <option value="Yemen">Yemen</option> <option value="Zambia">Zambia</option> <option value="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</option> </select><label for="Field215" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Country</label></span></div>
<div class="complex instruct" id="instruct210" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li541" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title541" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Headquartered in Massachusetts?</legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input checked="checked" class="field radio" id="Field541_0" name="Field541" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="10" type="radio" value="Yes" /><label class="choice" for="Field541_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Yes</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field541_1" name="Field541" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="11" type="radio" value="No" /><label class="choice" for="Field541_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">No</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li207" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title207" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">How big is your company? <span class="req" id="req_207" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input checked="checked" class="field radio" id="Field207_0" name="Field207" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="12" type="radio" value="1-25" /><label class="choice" for="Field207_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">1-25</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field207_1" name="Field207" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="13" type="radio" value="26-100" /><label class="choice" for="Field207_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">26-100</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field207_2" name="Field207" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="14" type="radio" value="101-300" /><label class="choice" for="Field207_2" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">101-300</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field207_3" name="Field207" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="15" type="radio" value="300-500" /><label class="choice" for="Field207_3" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">300-500</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field207_4" name="Field207" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="16" type="radio" value="500-1,000" /><label class="choice" for="Field207_4" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">500-1,000</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field207_5" name="Field207" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="17" type="radio" value="1,000" /><label class="choice" for="Field207_5" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">1,000</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li227" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc " for="Field227" id="title227" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">How many interns are you expecting to hire? <span class="req" id="req_227" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text nospin medium" id="Field227" name="Field227" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="18" type="text" value="" /></div>
<div class="instruct " id="instruct227" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li554" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc " for="Field554" id="title554" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">How many interns did you have last summer? <span class="req" id="req_554" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text nospin medium" id="Field554" name="Field554" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="19" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li543" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title543" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Are you paying your interns? <span class="req" id="req_543" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input checked="checked" class="field radio" id="Field543_0" name="Field543" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="20" type="radio" value="Yes, all of them" /><label class="choice" for="Field543_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Yes, all of them</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field543_1" name="Field543" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="21" type="radio" value="Some of them" /><label class="choice" for="Field543_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Some of them</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field543_2" name="Field543" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="22" type="radio" value="No, these are unpaid positions" /><label class="choice" for="Field543_2" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">No, these are unpaid positions</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li440" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title440" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">When will the internship be? <span class="req" id="req_440" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field440" name="Field440" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="23" type="checkbox" value="Summer " /><label class="choice" for="Field440" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Summer</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field441" name="Field441" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="24" type="checkbox" value="Fall " /><label class="choice" for="Field441" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Fall</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field443" name="Field443" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="25" type="checkbox" value="Winter" /><label class="choice" for="Field443" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Winter</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field442" name="Field442" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="26" type="checkbox" value="Spring " /><label class="choice" for="Field442" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Spring</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li236" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title236" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">What level of education are you looking for? <span class="req" id="req_236" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field236" name="Field236" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="27" type="checkbox" value="Undergraduate Students" /><label class="choice" for="Field236" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Undergraduate Students</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field237" name="Field237" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="28" type="checkbox" value="Graduate Studets" /><label class="choice" for="Field237" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Graduate Studets</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li2" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field2" id="title2" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Primary Contact Name <span class="req" id="req_2" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field2" maxlength="255" name="Field2" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="29" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li217" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field217" id="title217" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Primary Contact Position <span class="req" id="req_217" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field217" maxlength="255" name="Field217" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="30" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li6" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field6" id="title6" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Primary Contact Email <span class="req" id="req_6" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field6" maxlength="255" name="Field6" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="31" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li5" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field5" id="title5" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Primary Contact Phone Number <span class="req" id="req_5" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field5" maxlength="255" name="Field5" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="32" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li219" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field219" id="title219" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Secondary Contact Name</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field219" maxlength="255" name="Field219" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="33" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li220" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field220" id="title220" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Secondary Contact Position</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field220" maxlength="255" name="Field220" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="34" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li221" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field221" id="title221" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Secondary Contact Email</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field221" maxlength="255" name="Field221" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="35" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li222" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field222" id="title222" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Secondary Contact Phone Number</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field222" maxlength="255" name="Field222" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="36" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate twoColumns " id="fo2li7" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title7" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Select Industry</legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field7" name="Field7" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="37" type="checkbox" value="Computer Hardware" /><label class="choice" for="Field7" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Computer Hardware</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field8" name="Field8" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="38" type="checkbox" value="Consumer Electronics" /><label class="choice" for="Field8" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Consumer Electronics</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field9" name="Field9" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="39" type="checkbox" value="EdTech" /><label class="choice" for="Field9" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">EdTech</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field10" name="Field10" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="40" type="checkbox" value="Health, Wellness & Fitness" /><label class="choice" for="Field10" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Health, Wellness & Fitness</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field11" name="Field11" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="41" type="checkbox" value="Information Tech & Services" /><label class="choice" for="Field11" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Information Tech & Services</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field12" name="Field12" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="42" type="checkbox" value="Marketing & Advertising" /><label class="choice" for="Field12" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Marketing & Advertising</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field13" name="Field13" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="43" type="checkbox" value="Social Media" /><label class="choice" for="Field13" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Social Media</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field14" name="Field14" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="44" type="checkbox" value="Computer Software" /><label class="choice" for="Field14" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Computer Software</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field15" name="Field15" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="45" type="checkbox" value="E-Commerce" /><label class="choice" for="Field15" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">E-Commerce</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field16" name="Field16" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="46" type="checkbox" value="Energy" /><label class="choice" for="Field16" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Energy</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field17" name="Field17" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="47" type="checkbox" value="Hospital & Health Care" /><label class="choice" for="Field17" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Hospital & Health Care</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field18" name="Field18" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="48" type="checkbox" value="Internet" /><label class="choice" for="Field18" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Internet</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field19" name="Field19" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="49" type="checkbox" value="Real Estate" /><label class="choice" for="Field19" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Real Estate</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field20" name="Field20" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="50" type="checkbox" value="Web/Mobile Gaming" /><label class="choice" for="Field20" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Web/Mobile Gaming</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field21" name="Field21" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="51" type="checkbox" value="Mobile" /><label class="choice" for="Field21" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Mobile</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field22" name="Field22" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="52" type="checkbox" value="Big Data/Cloud" /><label class="choice" for="Field22" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Big Data/Cloud</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field23" name="Field23" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="53" type="checkbox" value="Robotics" /><label class="choice" for="Field23" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Robotics</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate twoColumns " id="fo2li107" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title107" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">What roles are you looking to fill? <span class="req" id="req_107" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field107" name="Field107" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="54" type="checkbox" value="Sales" /><label class="choice" for="Field107" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Sales</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field108" name="Field108" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="55" type="checkbox" value="Marketing" /><label class="choice" for="Field108" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Marketing</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field109" name="Field109" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="56" type="checkbox" value="Engineering" /><label class="choice" for="Field109" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Engineering</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field110" name="Field110" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="57" type="checkbox" value="Software Development" /><label class="choice" for="Field110" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Software Development</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field111" name="Field111" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="58" type="checkbox" value="Manufacturing" /><label class="choice" for="Field111" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Manufacturing</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field114" name="Field114" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="59" type="checkbox" value="Design/UX" /><label class="choice" for="Field114" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Design/UX</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field112" name="Field112" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="60" type="checkbox" value="Generalist" /><label class="choice" for="Field112" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Generalist</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field113" name="Field113" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="61" type="checkbox" value="Product Management" /><label class="choice" for="Field113" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Product Management</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field115" name="Field115" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="62" type="checkbox" value="Finance" /><label class="choice" for="Field115" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Finance</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field116" name="Field116" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="63" type="checkbox" value="Data Analytics" /><label class="choice" for="Field116" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Data Analytics</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct107" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li224" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field224" id="title224" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Recruiting/Careers Page</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field224" maxlength="255" name="Field224" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="64" type="url" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li545" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field545" id="title545" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">FirmPlay link</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field545" maxlength="255" name="Field545" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="65" type="url" value="" /></div>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct545" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li547" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field547" id="title547" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">BizzPages Link</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field547" maxlength="255" name="Field547" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="66" type="url" value="" /></div>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct547" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li546" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field546" id="title546" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Facebook Page</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field546" maxlength="255" name="Field546" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="67" type="url" value="" /></div>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct546" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
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<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li550" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field550" id="title550" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Twitter URL</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field550" maxlength="255" name="Field550" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="68" type="url" value="" /></div>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct550" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
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<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li549" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field549" id="title549" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">LinkedIn Page</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field549" maxlength="255" name="Field549" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="69" type="url" value="" /></div>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct549" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
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<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li548" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field548" id="title548" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Google+</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field548" maxlength="255" name="Field548" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="70" type="url" value="" /></div>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct548" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
<small style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10.9200000762939px; line-height: 13.1040000915527px;"></small></div>
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<li class="notranslate " id="fo2li552" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field552" id="title552" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Any other social media links</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<textarea class="field textarea medium" cols="50" id="Field552" name="Field552" rows="10" spellcheck="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; height: 10em; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; width: 293px;" tabindex="71"></textarea></div>
<div class="instruct" id="instruct552" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; background: rgb(222, 222, 222); border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); font-size: 13.6499996185303px; left: 0px; margin-left: 8px; opacity: 0; padding: 8px 10px 10px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 350ms ease-out; visibility: hidden; width: 181.75px; z-index: 1000;">
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<input class="btTxt submit" id="saveForm" name="saveForm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-right: 5px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 7px; width: auto;" type="submit" value="Submit" /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-73308678869179282622015-05-07T10:07:00.002-04:002015-05-07T10:08:30.072-04:00Tap Into Boston's Talent Pipeline<div class="wsite-background wsite-custom-background" id="banner-wrap" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(http://www.thetechgeneration.com/files/theme/short-header-bg.jpg?1430935165); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; color: #8e8e8e; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 1352px;">
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<div class="" id="header-wrap" style="-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; -webkit-transition: all 240ms linear !important; backface-visibility: hidden; background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.921569); box-shadow: rgba(99, 99, 99, 0.298039) 0px 0px 5px; position: fixed !important; top: 0px; transition: all 240ms linear !important; width: 1352px; z-index: 21;">
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<ul class="wsite-menu-default" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;">
<li class="wsite-menu-item-wrap wsite-nav-1" id="pg290385509401723669" style="display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgba(99, 99, 99, 0.2) 0px 0px 0.2px;"><a class="wsite-menu-item" data-membership-required="0" href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/" style="-webkit-transition: all 240ms linear !important; border: 0px; color: #8e8e8e; display: block; font-size: 14px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 20px 0px 40px; outline: 0px; padding: 35px 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: all 240ms linear !important;">HOME</a></li>
<li class="wsite-menu-item-wrap wsite-nav-2" id="pg107396635983182401" style="display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgba(99, 99, 99, 0.2) 0px 0px 0.2px;"><a class="wsite-menu-item" data-membership-required="0" href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/about.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 240ms linear !important; border: 0px; color: #8e8e8e; display: block; font-size: 14px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 35px 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: all 240ms linear !important;">ABOUT</a></li>
<li class="wsite-menu-item-wrap wsite-nav-3" id="pg327462409699310289" style="display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgba(99, 99, 99, 0.2) 0px 0px 0.2px;"><a class="wsite-menu-item" data-membership-required="0" href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/for-students.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 240ms linear !important; border: 0px; color: #8e8e8e; display: block; font-size: 14px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 35px 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: all 240ms linear !important;">FOR STUDENTS</a></li>
<li class="wsite-menu-item-wrap wsite-nav-4" id="active" style="display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgba(99, 99, 99, 0.2) 0px 0px 0.2px;"><a class="wsite-menu-item" href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/for-startups.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 240ms linear !important; border: 0px; color: #26cfc1; display: block; font-size: 14px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 35px 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: all 240ms linear !important;">FOR STARTUPS</a></li>
<li class="wsite-menu-item-wrap wsite-nav-5" id="pg914621459312919441" style="display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgba(99, 99, 99, 0.2) 0px 0px 0.2px;"><a class="wsite-menu-item" data-membership-required="0" href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/connect.html" style="-webkit-transition: all 240ms linear !important; border: 0px; color: #8e8e8e; display: block; font-size: 14px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 35px 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: all 240ms linear !important;">CONNECT</a></li>
<li class="wsite-menu-item-wrap wsite-nav-more wsite-nav-6" style="background: none; display: inline-block; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgba(99, 99, 99, 0.2) 0px 0px 0.2px;"><a class="wsite-menu-item" data-membership-required="" href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/for-startups.html#" id="wsite-nav-more-a" style="-webkit-transition: all 240ms linear !important; border: 0px; color: #8e8e8e; display: block; font-size: 14px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 35px 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; transition: all 240ms linear !important;">MORE...</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="container" style="margin: 0px auto; width: 960px;">
<div id="banner" style="height: 246px;">
<div class="landing-banner-outer" id="bannerright" style="display: table; height: 246px; overflow: hidden; width: 960px;">
<div class="landing-banner-mid" style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle;">
<div class="landing-banner-inner">
<h2 style="color: white; font-size: 55px; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="wsite-text wsite-headline">Tap Into Boston's Talent Pipeline</span></h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="main-wrap" style="color: #8e8e8e; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 60px; padding-bottom: 90px; width: 1352px;">
<div class="container" style="margin: 0px auto; min-height: 400px; width: 960px;">
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
<div>
<div class="wsite-multicol" style="direction: ltr; position: relative;">
<div class="wsite-multicol-table-wrap" style="margin: 0px -15px;">
<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 990px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
<tr class="wsite-multicol-tr"><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 336px;"><h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="color: rgb(63, 63, 63) !important; font-size: 28px; font-weight: 200; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #2b2b2b;">Join Tech Generation</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">
</div>
<a class="wsite-button wsite-button-small wsite-button-highlight" href="https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/forms/m1qdgj3x06svngy/" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 0.5s ease, border 0.5s ease; background: url(http://www.thetechgeneration.com/files/theme/button_highlight.png?1430935165) rgb(38, 207, 193); border-radius: 10px; border: none; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; padding: 0px 43px; text-decoration: none !important; text-transform: uppercase; transition: background-color 0.5s ease, border 0.5s ease;" target="_blank"><span class="wsite-button-inner" style="background: url(http://www.thetechgeneration.com/files/theme/button_highlight.png?1430935165); display: block; float: left; height: 50px; line-height: 50px; padding: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap;">JOIN OUR COMPANIES</span></a><br />
<div style="height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42) !important; padding: 0.5em 0px;">
<span style="color: #3f3f3f;"><span style="color: #8e8e8e;"><span style="color: #3f3f3f;">Stop posting to and checking dozens of different job boards; we've got you covered. Massachusetts has student talent in spades and we are here to help you make the most of it. See which companies are already tapping into this talent in</span> <a href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/company-directory.html" style="color: #26cfc1; text-decoration: none;" title="">our directory</a>.<br /><span style="color: #3f3f3f;"><br />Sign up today to access TechGen's student resumes.</span></span></span></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 335px;"><h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="color: rgb(63, 63, 63) !important; font-size: 28px; font-weight: 200; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #2b2b2b;">Company Resources</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">
</div>
<a class="wsite-button wsite-button-small wsite-button-highlight" href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/company-resources.html" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 0.5s ease, border 0.5s ease; background: url(http://www.thetechgeneration.com/files/theme/button_highlight.png?1430935165) rgb(38, 207, 193); border-radius: 10px; border: none; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; padding: 0px 43px; text-decoration: none !important; text-transform: uppercase; transition: background-color 0.5s ease, border 0.5s ease;"><span class="wsite-button-inner" style="background: url(http://www.thetechgeneration.com/files/theme/button_highlight.png?1430935165); display: block; float: left; height: 50px; line-height: 50px; padding: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap;">GET SAVVY</span></a><br />
<div style="height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42) !important; padding: 0.5em 0px;">
<span style="color: #8e8e8e;"><span style="color: #3f3f3f;">We are constantly collecting tools to help you make the most of your experience hosting interns as a part of Tech Generation.</span><strong><span style="font-weight: 300;"><br /></span></strong><span style="color: #3f3f3f;">Here is a sampling of what you can find:</span></span><br />
<ul style="list-style-position: outside !important; margin: 5px 0px !important; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2.3em !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #8e8e8e;">
<li style="list-style: disc outside !important; margin: 3px 0px 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.thetechgeneration.com/job-archetypes.html" style="color: #26cfc1; text-decoration: none;" title=""><strong>Job Archetypes</strong></a>.</li>
<li style="list-style: disc outside !important; margin: 3px 0px 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #3f3f3f;">Specific information on recruiting at local schools, tips for hiring interns</span>.</li>
</span></ul>
<span style="color: #8e8e8e;">
</span></div>
</td><td class="wsite-multicol-col" style="border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 15px; vertical-align: top; width: 229px;"><h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="color: rgb(63, 63, 63) !important; font-size: 28px; font-weight: 200; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;">
You've Hired!</h2>
<div>
<div style="height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">
</div>
<a class="wsite-button wsite-button-small wsite-button-highlight" href="https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/forms/r19rjy2m1ii5rtj/" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 0.5s ease, border 0.5s ease; background: url(http://www.thetechgeneration.com/files/theme/button_highlight.png?1430935165) rgb(38, 207, 193); border-radius: 10px; border: none; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; padding: 0px 43px; text-decoration: none !important; text-transform: uppercase; transition: background-color 0.5s ease, border 0.5s ease;" target="_blank"><span class="wsite-button-inner" style="background: url(http://www.thetechgeneration.com/files/theme/button_highlight.png?1430935165); display: block; float: left; height: 50px; line-height: 50px; padding: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap;">YOU'VE HIRED</span></a><br />
<div style="height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42) !important; padding: 0.5em 0px;">
Congrats! Let us know so we can update your profile.</div>
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</tbody></table>
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<hr class="styled-hr" style="background: rgb(246, 246, 246); border: 0pt none; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.129412); height: 4px; margin: 2em auto; text-align: center; width: 960px;" />
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<table class="wsite-multicol-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; width: 990px;"><tbody class="wsite-multicol-tbody">
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">Questions?:</span> <a href="mailto:sarah@newenglandvc.org" style="color: #26cfc1; text-decoration: none;" title=""><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">sarah@newenglandvc.org</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">Tech Generation (TechGen)</span></h2>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">Connecting Students & Boston Tech Startups through Internships</span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;"><br />Program of the New England Venture Capital Association</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">One Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-64654134439156270752015-05-07T10:05:00.003-04:002015-05-07T10:05:57.815-04:00Connecting Students & Boston Tech Startups<h2 style="background-color: rgba(42, 186, 174, 0.8); color: white; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 55px; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span class="wsite-text wsite-headline">Connecting Students & Boston Tech Startups</span></h2>
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Tech Generation Application</h2>
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Welcome to the application for summer 2015!</div>
</header><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0.129999995231628px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li2" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field2" id="title2" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Name <span class="req" id="req_2" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><span style="color: #444444; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><input class="field text fn" id="Field2" name="Field2" required="" size="8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px;" tabindex="1" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field2" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">First</label></span><span style="color: #444444; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><input class="field text ln" id="Field3" name="Field3" required="" size="14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px;" tabindex="2" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field3" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Last</label></span></li>
<li class="complex notranslate " id="fo1li339" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 0px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field339" id="title339" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Current Address <span class="req" id="req_339" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="full addr1" style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: auto;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field339" name="Field339" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 391.671875px;" tabindex="3" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field339" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Street Address</label></span><span class="full addr2" style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: auto;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field340" name="Field340" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 391.671875px;" tabindex="4" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field340" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Address Line 2</label></span><span class="left city" style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 188px;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field341" name="Field341" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 188px;" tabindex="5" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field341" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">City</label></span><span class="right state" style="display: block; float: right; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 188px;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field342" name="Field342" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 188px;" tabindex="6" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field342" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">State / Province / Region</label></span><span class="left zip" style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 188px;"><input class="field text addr" id="Field343" maxlength="15" name="Field343" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 188px;" tabindex="7" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field343" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Postal / Zip Code</label></span><span class="right country" style="display: block; float: right; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; width: 188px;"><select class="field select addr" id="Field344" name="Field344" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 1px 0px 0px; width: 188px;" tabindex="8"> <option selected="selected" value=""></option> <option value="United States">United States</option> <option value="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</option> <option value="Australia">Australia</option> <option value="Canada">Canada</option> <option value="France">France</option> <option value="New Zealand">New Zealand</option> <option value="India">India</option> <option value="Brazil">Brazil</option> <option value="----">----</option> <option value="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</option> <option value="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</option> <option value="Albania">Albania</option> <option value="Algeria">Algeria</option> <option value="American Samoa">American Samoa</option> <option value="Andorra">Andorra</option> <option value="Angola">Angola</option> <option value="Anguilla">Anguilla</option> <option value="Antarctica">Antarctica</option> <option value="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</option> <option value="Argentina">Argentina</option> <option value="Armenia">Armenia</option> <option value="Aruba">Aruba</option> <option value="Austria">Austria</option> <option value="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</option> <option value="Bahamas">Bahamas</option> <option value="Bahrain">Bahrain</option> <option value="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</option> <option value="Barbados">Barbados</option> <option value="Belarus">Belarus</option> <option value="Belgium">Belgium</option> <option value="Belize">Belize</option> <option value="Benin">Benin</option> <option value="Bermuda">Bermuda</option> <option value="Bhutan">Bhutan</option> <option value="Bolivia">Bolivia</option> <option value="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option> <option value="Botswana">Botswana</option> <option value="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</option> <option value="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</option> <option value="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</option> <option value="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</option> <option value="Burundi">Burundi</option> <option value="Cambodia">Cambodia</option> <option value="Cameroon">Cameroon</option> <option value="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</option> <option value="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</option> <option value="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</option> <option value="Chad">Chad</option> <option value="Chile">Chile</option> <option value="China">China</option> <option value="Colombia">Colombia</option> <option value="Comoros">Comoros</option> <option value="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</option> <option value="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</option> <option value="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</option> <option value="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</option> <option value="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</option> <option value="Croatia">Croatia</option> <option value="Cuba">Cuba</option> <option value="Cyprus">Cyprus</option> <option value="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</option> <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option> <option value="Djibouti">Djibouti</option> <option value="Dominica">Dominica</option> <option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="East Timor">East Timor</option> <option value="Ecuador">Ecuador</option> <option value="Egypt">Egypt</option> <option value="El Salvador">El Salvador</option> <option value="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="Eritrea">Eritrea</option> <option value="Estonia">Estonia</option> <option value="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</option> <option value="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</option> <option value="Fiji">Fiji</option> <option value="Finland">Finland</option> <option value="Gabon">Gabon</option> <option value="Gambia">Gambia</option> <option value="Georgia">Georgia</option> <option value="Germany">Germany</option> <option value="Ghana">Ghana</option> <option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</option> <option value="Greece">Greece</option> <option value="Grenada">Grenada</option> <option value="Guatemala">Guatemala</option> <option value="Guinea">Guinea</option> <option value="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</option> <option value="Guyana">Guyana</option> <option value="Haiti">Haiti</option> <option value="Honduras">Honduras</option> <option value="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</option> <option value="Hungary">Hungary</option> <option value="Iceland">Iceland</option> <option value="Indonesia">Indonesia</option> <option value="Iran">Iran</option> <option value="Iraq">Iraq</option> <option value="Ireland">Ireland</option> <option value="Israel">Israel</option> <option value="Italy">Italy</option> <option value="Jamaica">Jamaica</option> <option value="Japan">Japan</option> <option value="Jordan">Jordan</option> <option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</option> <option value="Kenya">Kenya</option> <option value="Kiribati">Kiribati</option> <option value="North Korea">North Korea</option> <option value="South Korea">South Korea</option> <option value="Kuwait">Kuwait</option> <option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="Laos">Laos</option> <option value="Latvia">Latvia</option> <option value="Lebanon">Lebanon</option> <option value="Lesotho">Lesotho</option> <option value="Liberia">Liberia</option> <option value="Libya">Libya</option> <option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</option> <option value="Lithuania">Lithuania</option> <option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</option> <option value="Macedonia">Macedonia</option> <option value="Madagascar">Madagascar</option> <option value="Malawi">Malawi</option> <option value="Malaysia">Malaysia</option> <option value="Maldives">Maldives</option> <option value="Mali">Mali</option> <option value="Malta">Malta</option> <option value="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</option> <option value="Mauritania">Mauritania</option> <option value="Mauritius">Mauritius</option> <option value="Mexico">Mexico</option> <option value="Micronesia">Micronesia</option> <option value="Moldova">Moldova</option> <option value="Monaco">Monaco</option> <option value="Mongolia">Mongolia</option> <option value="Montenegro">Montenegro</option> <option value="Morocco">Morocco</option> <option value="Mozambique">Mozambique</option> <option value="Myanmar">Myanmar</option> <option value="Namibia">Namibia</option> <option value="Nauru">Nauru</option> <option value="Nepal">Nepal</option> <option value="Netherlands">Netherlands</option> <option value="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</option> <option value="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</option> <option value="Niger">Niger</option> <option value="Nigeria">Nigeria</option> <option value="Norway">Norway</option> <option value="Oman">Oman</option> <option value="Pakistan">Pakistan</option> <option value="Palau">Palau</option> <option value="Palestine">Palestine</option> <option value="Panama">Panama</option> <option value="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</option> <option value="Paraguay">Paraguay</option> <option value="Peru">Peru</option> <option value="Philippines">Philippines</option> <option value="Poland">Poland</option> <option value="Portugal">Portugal</option> <option value="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</option> <option value="Qatar">Qatar</option> <option value="Romania">Romania</option> <option value="Russia">Russia</option> <option value="Rwanda">Rwanda</option> <option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option> <option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</option> <option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option> <option value="Samoa">Samoa</option> <option value="San Marino">San Marino</option> <option value="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</option> <option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</option> <option value="Senegal">Senegal</option> <option value="Serbia">Serbia</option> <option value="Seychelles">Seychelles</option> <option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</option> <option value="Singapore">Singapore</option> <option value="Slovakia">Slovakia</option> <option value="Slovenia">Slovenia</option> <option value="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</option> <option value="Somalia">Somalia</option> <option value="South Africa">South Africa</option> <option value="Spain">Spain</option> <option value="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</option> <option value="Sudan">Sudan</option> <option value="Suriname">Suriname</option> <option value="Swaziland">Swaziland</option> <option value="Sweden">Sweden</option> <option value="Switzerland">Switzerland</option> <option value="Syria">Syria</option> <option value="Taiwan">Taiwan</option> <option value="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</option> <option value="Tanzania">Tanzania</option> <option value="Thailand">Thailand</option> <option value="Togo">Togo</option> <option value="Tonga">Tonga</option> <option value="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</option> <option value="Tunisia">Tunisia</option> <option value="Turkey">Turkey</option> <option value="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</option> <option value="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</option> <option value="Uganda">Uganda</option> <option value="Ukraine">Ukraine</option> <option value="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</option> <option value="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</option> <option value="Uruguay">Uruguay</option> <option value="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</option> <option value="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</option> <option value="Vatican City">Vatican City</option> <option value="Venezuela">Venezuela</option> <option value="Vietnam">Vietnam</option> <option value="Virgin Islands, British">Virgin Islands, British</option> <option value="Virgin Islands, U.S.">Virgin Islands, U.S.</option> <option value="Yemen">Yemen</option> <option value="Zambia">Zambia</option> <option value="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</option> </select><label for="Field344" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px;">Country</label></span></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li319" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field319" id="title319" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Hometown <span class="req" id="req_319" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field319" maxlength="255" name="Field319" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="9" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li345" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title345" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Are you legally able to work in the U.S.? <span class="req" id="req_345" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input checked="checked" class="field radio" id="Field345_0" name="Field345" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="10" type="radio" value="Yes" /><label class="choice" for="Field345_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Yes</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field345_1" name="Field345" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="11" type="radio" value="No" /><label class="choice" for="Field345_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">No</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li320" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title320" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Sex</legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input checked="checked" class="field radio" id="Field320_0" name="Field320" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="12" type="radio" value="Male" /><label class="choice" for="Field320_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Male</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field320_1" name="Field320" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="13" type="radio" value="Female" /><label class="choice" for="Field320_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Female</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li338" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field338" id="title338" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Race</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field338" maxlength="255" name="Field338" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="14" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li329" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title329" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Are you a Veteran? <span class="req" id="req_329" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input checked="checked" class="field radio" id="Field329_0" name="Field329" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="15" type="radio" value="Yes" /><label class="choice" for="Field329_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Yes</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field329_1" name="Field329" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="16" type="radio" value="No" /><label class="choice" for="Field329_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">No</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="date notranslate " id="fo1li337" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field337" id="title337" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">If yes, date of transition:</label><span style="color: #444444; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><input class="field text" id="Field337-1" maxlength="2" name="Field337-1" size="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: center;" tabindex="17" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field337-1" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px; text-align: center;">MM</label></span><span class="symbol" style="color: #444444; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.6000003814697px; line-height: 21.0599994659424px; margin: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">/</span><span style="color: #444444; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><input class="field text" id="Field337-2" maxlength="2" name="Field337-2" size="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: center;" tabindex="18" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field337-2" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px; text-align: center;">DD</label></span><span class="symbol" style="color: #444444; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15.6000003814697px; line-height: 21.0599994659424px; margin: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">/</span><span style="color: #444444; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><input class="field text" id="Field337" maxlength="4" name="Field337" size="4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: center;" tabindex="19" type="text" value="" /><label for="Field337" style="clear: both; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.0500001907349px; line-height: 17.6800003051758px; margin: 0px; padding-top: 3px; text-align: center;">YYYY</label></span><span id="cal337" style="color: #444444; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="Pick a date." class="datepicker" data-date-format="yyyy-mm-dd" data-date="2015-05-04" id="pick337" src="https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/icons/calendar.png" style="border: none; cursor: pointer !important; float: left; height: 16px; margin: 0.19em 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 16px;" /></span></li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li351" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title351" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">College/University <span class="req" id="req_351" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_0" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="20" type="radio" value="Babson College" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Babson College</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_1" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="21" type="radio" value="Bentley University" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Bentley University</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_2" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="22" type="radio" value="Boston College" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_2" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Boston College</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_3" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="23" type="radio" value="Boston University" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_3" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Boston University</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_4" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="24" type="radio" value="Harvard University" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_4" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Harvard University</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_5" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="25" type="radio" value="MIT" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_5" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">MIT</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_6" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="26" type="radio" value="Northeastern University" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_6" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Northeastern University</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_7" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="27" type="radio" value="Suffolk University" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_7" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Suffolk University</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_8" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="28" type="radio" value="Tufts University" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_8" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Tufts University</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_9" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="29" type="radio" value="Wellesley College" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_9" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Wellesley College</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_10" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="30" type="radio" value="Wentworth Institute of Technology" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_10" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Wentworth Institute of Technology</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_11" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="31" type="radio" value="UMass Amherst" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_11" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">UMass Amherst</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_12" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="32" type="radio" value="UMass Boston" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_12" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">UMass Boston</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_13" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="33" type="radio" value="UMass Dartmouth" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_13" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">UMass Dartmouth</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_14" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="34" type="radio" value="UMass Lowell" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_14" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">UMass Lowell</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field351_15" name="Field351" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="35" type="radio" value="Other" /><label class="choice" for="Field351_15" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Other</label><input class="field text other" id="Field351_other" name="Field351_other_Other" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 8px 25px; padding: 2px 0px;" tabindex="36" type="text" value="" /></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li107" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field107" id="title107" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Major (or anticipated) <span class="req" id="req_107" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field107" maxlength="255" name="Field107" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="37" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li318" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field318" id="title318" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Second Major/Minor (or anticipated)</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field318" maxlength="255" name="Field318" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="38" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li325" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc " for="Field325" id="title325" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">GPA <span class="req" id="req_325" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text nospin medium" id="Field325" name="Field325" required="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="39" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li327" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title327" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Degree Types</legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input checked="checked" class="field radio" id="Field327_0" name="Field327" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="40" type="radio" value="Bachelors" /><label class="choice" for="Field327_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Bachelors</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field327_1" name="Field327" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="41" type="radio" value="Masters" /><label class="choice" for="Field327_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">Masters</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field327_2" name="Field327" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="42" type="radio" value="PhD" /><label class="choice" for="Field327_2" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">PhD</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li106" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title106" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Graduation Year <span class="req" id="req_106" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input checked="checked" class="field radio" id="Field106_0" name="Field106" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="43" type="radio" value="2014" /><label class="choice" for="Field106_0" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">2014</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field106_1" name="Field106" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="44" type="radio" value="2015" /><label class="choice" for="Field106_1" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">2015</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field106_2" name="Field106" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="45" type="radio" value="2016" /><label class="choice" for="Field106_2" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">2016</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field106_3" name="Field106" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="46" type="radio" value="2017" /><label class="choice" for="Field106_3" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">2017</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field106_4" name="Field106" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="47" type="radio" value="2018" /><label class="choice" for="Field106_4" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">2018</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 391.671875px;"><input class="field radio" id="Field106_5" name="Field106" required="" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="48" type="radio" value="2019" /><label class="choice" for="Field106_5" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 344.65625px;">2019</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li4" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field4" id="title4" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Email <span class="req" id="req_4" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field4" maxlength="255" name="Field4" required="" spellcheck="false" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="49" type="email" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li105" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field105" id="title105" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Website</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field105" maxlength="255" name="Field105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="50" type="url" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li317" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field317" id="title317" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">LinkedIn</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field317" maxlength="255" name="Field317" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="51" type="url" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li316" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field316" id="title316" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Twitter</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field316" maxlength="255" name="Field316" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="52" type="url" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li108" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field108" id="title108" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">github</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field108" maxlength="255" name="Field108" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="53" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li322" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field322" id="title322" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Current or Most Recent Employer</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field322" maxlength="255" name="Field322" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="54" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li323" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field323" id="title323" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Current or Most Recent Job</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field323" maxlength="255" name="Field323" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="55" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate twoColumns " id="fo1li215" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title215" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">What role(s) are you interested in? <span class="req" id="req_215" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field215" name="Field215" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="56" type="checkbox" value="Sales" /><label class="choice" for="Field215" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Sales</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field216" name="Field216" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="57" type="checkbox" value="Marketing" /><label class="choice" for="Field216" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Marketing</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field217" name="Field217" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="58" type="checkbox" value="Engineering" /><label class="choice" for="Field217" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Engineering</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field218" name="Field218" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="59" type="checkbox" value="Software Development" /><label class="choice" for="Field218" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Software Development</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field219" name="Field219" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="60" type="checkbox" value="Manufacturing" /><label class="choice" for="Field219" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Manufacturing</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field222" name="Field222" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="61" type="checkbox" value="Design/UX" /><label class="choice" for="Field222" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Design/UX</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field220" name="Field220" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="62" type="checkbox" value="Startup Generalist" /><label class="choice" for="Field220" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Startup Generalist</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field221" name="Field221" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="63" type="checkbox" value="Product Management" /><label class="choice" for="Field221" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Product Management</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field223" name="Field223" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="64" type="checkbox" value="Finance" /><label class="choice" for="Field223" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Finance</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field224" name="Field224" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="65" type="checkbox" value="Data Analytics" /><label class="choice" for="Field224" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Data Analytics</label></span></div>
</fieldset>
</li>
<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li349" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field349" id="title349" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">Please list scripting and web dev languages/platform that you are proficient in (if applicable)</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<input class="field text medium" id="Field349" maxlength="255" name="Field349" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(https://techgeneration.wufoo.com/images/fieldbg.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: initial; border-color: rgb(124, 124, 124) rgb(195, 195, 195) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; width: 195.828125px;" tabindex="66" type="text" value="" /></div>
</li>
<li class="notranslate twoColumns " id="fo1li115" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><fieldset style="border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<legend class="desc" id="title115" style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">What industries are you interested in?</legend><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field115" name="Field115" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="67" type="checkbox" value="Computer Hardware" /><label class="choice" for="Field115" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Computer Hardware</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field116" name="Field116" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="68" type="checkbox" value="Computer Software" /><label class="choice" for="Field116" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Computer Software</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field117" name="Field117" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="69" type="checkbox" value="Consumer Electronics" /><label class="choice" for="Field117" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Consumer Electronics</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field118" name="Field118" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="70" type="checkbox" value="E-Commerce" /><label class="choice" for="Field118" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">E-Commerce</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field119" name="Field119" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="71" type="checkbox" value="EdTech" /><label class="choice" for="Field119" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">EdTech</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field120" name="Field120" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="72" type="checkbox" value="Energy" /><label class="choice" for="Field120" style="clear: both; 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display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Social Media</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field128" name="Field128" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="80" type="checkbox" value="Web/Mobile Gaming" /><label class="choice" for="Field128" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: -16px 0px 0px 23px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; width: 165.4375px;">Web/Mobile Gaming</label></span><span style="display: block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 188px;"><input class="field checkbox" id="Field129" name="Field129" style="display: block; height: 13px; margin: 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13px;" tabindex="81" type="checkbox" value="Robotics" /><label class="choice" for="Field129" style="clear: both; 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<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li109" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field109" id="title109" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">If you could have one song play when you walked in a room, what would it be? <span class="req" id="req_109" style="display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span></label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<li class="notranslate " id="fo1li332" style="-webkit-transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; background-color: transparent; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 6.109375px 9px; position: relative; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; width: 391.671875px;"><label class="desc" for="Field332" id="title332" style="border: none; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.3500003814697px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.5249996185303px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; width: 391.671875px;">In 100 words or less, explain why are you looking for an internship through TechGen and what you want to get out of your internship experience? Go!</label><div style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-88857480283556671472015-05-07T10:03:00.001-04:002015-05-07T10:03:12.515-04:00Final Deal Signed Between Likud and Jewish HomeKeywords: Education Ministry, Diaspora Affairs, Disabilities, Distance Learning/Transportation in YS"A<br />
<br />
Final Deal Signed Between Likud and Jewish Home<br />
After 'sleepless' night of talks between Likud and Jewish Home, a final deal has been signed.<br />
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By Orly Harari, Cynthia Blank<br />
First Publish: 5/7/2015, 10:48 AM<br />
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Announcement of Coalition Deal<br />
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After all-night talks on the remaining details, Likud and Jewish Home signed a final coalition deal on Thursday morning.<br />
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Late Wednesday night, hours before the deadline to form a government, the two parties announced a deal struck "in principle," allowing Jewish Home to enter the coalition and Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu to serve a fourth term as premier.<br />
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Netanyahu then notified President Reuven Rivlin that he had succeeded in the task bestowed upon him of forming a new government.<br />
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According to the final deal fleshed out Thursday, <b>Jewish Home chairman Naftali Bennett</b> will be appointed both <b>Education Minister and Diaspora Affairs Minister</b>, as well as a member of Netanyahu's security cabinet.<br />
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<b>MK Ayelet Shaked (Jewish Home)</b> will be appointed <b>Justice Minister and head the Knesset Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee</b>. She too will serve as a member of Netanyahu's security cabinet.<br />
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<b>MK Uri Ariel (Jewish Home)</b> will become Agriculture Minister and be given responsibility over the <b>World Zionist Organization Settlement Division</b>, effectively the legal liaison between the government and Jewish residents of Judea and Samaria.<br />
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A Jewish Home MK will also be appointed <b>Deputy Defense Minister </b>with responsibility for the <b>Civil Administration</b>.<br />
<br />
According to the coalition deal, the education budget will be increased by NIS 630 million, and a billion shekels will be allocated to increasing the salaries of IDF soldiers in their third year of military service. An increased budget has also been promised to Ariel University in Samaria.<br />
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Legislation-wise, Likud has promised to promote the <b>Law of Non-Profit Associations</b>, allow <b>people with disabilities easier access to educational institutions</b>, and increase <b>security for transportation in Judea and Samaria</b>.<br />
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"After a sleepless night, we've completed the coalition agreement with Likud to pave the way for a new government. We're going to work," Shaked said, after signing the finalized deal.<br />
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On Sunday, Netanyahu will distribute ministerial portfolios among Likud members. The prime minister will keep the foreign affairs portfolio for himself.<br />
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Likud will have 12 ministers. Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon and Transportation Minister Yisrael Katz are sure to stay on in their current roles, as may National Infrastructure, Energy and Water Minister Silvan Shalom.<br />
<br />
Yuval Steinitz, who was originally slated to receive the justice portfolio, will likely receive the public security portfolio instead.<br />
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Other Likud ministerial candidates include Ofir Akunis, Gila Gamliel, Tzipi Hotovely, Miri Regev, Haim Katz, Tzachi Hanegbi, Ayoob Kara, Danny Danon and Benny Begin.<br />
<br />
The deal with Habayit Hayehudi was reached after a dramatic few days during which Bennett increased his demands in the wake of Yisrael Beytenu leader Avigdor Lieberman's announcement that his party would not join the coalition. According to the deal reached on Wednesday, Bennett will receive the education and diaspora affairs portfolios, Habayit Hayehudi No. 2 Uri Ariel will receive the agriculture portfolio and control of the WZO Settlement Division, and Habayit Hayehudi No. 3 Ayelet Shaked will receive the justice portfolio.<br />
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The election results were proof that the majority of the Israeli public sees the world with a rightist outlook -- on Judaism, on the Land of Israel, on a united Jerusalem, on the ingathering of the exiles. This Zionist outlook represents a set of cores values that has been instilled deep within us for thousands of years. The return to Zion in our days is a part of a continuum that spans generations, and not some startup that began at the end of the 19th century. Theodore Herzl's school of Zionism was based on an ancient platform. The Israeli Left, which has sought to provide a renewed Israeli identity to replace established Judaism, failed in the last election. Despite how it may have appeared, this election was about identity, not video clips on social networks.<br />
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A close look at the election results will tell you that 71 Knesset seats should have gone to various shades of the Right: the 67 seats that were won, and four others that were lost due to not meeting the electoral threshold.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-30696384345455719842015-05-07T09:58:00.001-04:002015-05-07T09:58:29.351-04:00Education tech funding soars -- but is it working in the classroom?Education tech funding soars -- but is it working in the classroom?<br />
by Mark Koba APRIL 28, 2015, 2:34 PM EDT<br />
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Technology has captured the American education system. As it does, the money keeps flowing in — and so do questions about its impact.<br />
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From iPads in kindergarten to virtual classrooms in high schools to online graduate degrees, technology has captured the American education system. As it does, the money keeps flowing in — and so do questions about its impact.<br />
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In 2014, venture funding for education technology reached $1.87 billion dollars. It’s expected to hit $2 billion this year. That’s a big jump from $385 million in 2009, according to CB Insights, the first year the venture capital research firm started tracking education funding.<br />
<br />
“The education space is attractive because it’s a big and important part of the economy,” said Rob Hutter, managing partner of Learn Capital an education based venture capital firm. “The edtech companies that get funding can be important 50 years down the line, and not just in a few years.”<br />
<br />
And it’s a good business to be in, said Bob Sun, founder of online math site, First in Math.<br />
<br />
“There’s a high profit margin with no warehouses and not much cost except for research and development,” explained Sun, who also said his firm has grown 20% in each of the last six years and hasn’t needed outside funding.<br />
<br />
But while many sing the praises of education technology in the classroom, some question if it’s having the desired effect.<br />
<br />
“Education technology is not yet a proven solution for learning, and limits the experience of education and human interaction,” argued Art Langer, academic director and faculty member of the Executive Masters in Technology Management at Columbia University.<br />
<br />
Education technology takes off<br />
<br />
The beginnings of education technology have mirrored the advancement of tech itself. As computers got better and faster in the 1960s, colleges like the University of Illinois introduced computer terminals where students could access resources on a course and listen to pre-recorded lectures. By the 1980s many college courses were accessible online at university libraries.<br />
<br />
Then along came video conferencing which reached thousands of students. The 1990s and 2000s saw the explosion of the internet and online classes. The National Center for Education Statistics estimates the number of K-12 students enrolled in online distance learning programs increased by 65% from 2002 to 2005.<br />
<br />
Add to this smartphone apps, laptops and iPad accesses, and classrooms of all ages have some sort of technology at their fingertips. And at least one study says it’s all for the good.<br />
<br />
“Education technology allows students to share their work and collaborate beyond their schools walls,” said Wendy Eiteljorg, director of education technology for pre-K to grade 12 at the Shipley School in Bryn Mawr, Penna.<br />
<br />
“It’s also providing alternative ways for students to participate in discussions,” she added.<br />
<br />
Drawbacks to high tech<br />
<br />
But some in the field see roadblocks to all the technology that’s flooding the system. One of the biggest areas of concern, among many, is access, said David Liu, COO of Knewton, a learning technology provider that develops platforms to personalize educational content.<br />
<br />
“It can heighten the disparity between rich schools and poor schools, putting disadvantaged students even further behind because of lack of access to these tools,” Liu said.<br />
<br />
Spending on high tech devices in schools reached $13 billion worldwide in 2013, according to one report, with the U.S. spending more than $4 billion that year on mobile devices alone. Overall education technology spending globally will reach $19 billion by 2019.<br />
<br />
However, finding money for the tech tools has not come easily. With many American school districts facing cutback in their budgets, some have turned to bond issues to raise money to keep up with the technology. But that’s not always a solution, said David Levin, president and CEO of McGraw-Hill Education, one of the bigger education tech firms that provides customized educational content.<br />
<br />
“Some of the challenges schools have is that devices progress quickly and reach obsolescence before the bond issues mature,” Levin said.<br />
<br />
Levin added that schools have to budget for the quality content that goes with the newer devices.<br />
<br />
There’s also the issue of teaching. Some research shows that teachers believe the high tech world is hurting students’ attention spans and ability to learn, not to mention making classroom instruction obsolete.<br />
<br />
“<b>Education technology can be beneficial but it must meet students’ needs and enhance curriculum and should support, not supplant teachers,</b>” said Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers.<br />
<br />
Critics also cite privacy issues for students as well as the <b>lack of sharing immediate data with teachers on how their students are doing</b>. There’s also the emphasis on testing. Some see the increasing amount of testing at various levels--<b>to monitor students’ learning and often rate teachers’ performances</b>—as an outgrowth of education technology.<br />
<br />
“We need to modernize our system, but a huge amount of testing is another strike against education technology and not really the best use of the process,” said Paul McGowan, vice president and managing director of the Center of Innovative Technology.<br />
<br />
And there’s even the thought that high tech devices might be more of a distraction than a learning tool.<br />
<br />
“If you look over the shoulder of any child with a smartphone, they’re mostly not using education apps but playing Angry Birds,” said Kentaro Toyama, professor of community information at the University of Michigan and an international development researcher.<br />
<br />
“Why should we expect that more of this kind of technology in and of itself will help our children?” he added.<br />
<br />
Future of Education Technology<br />
<br />
Overall spending for <b>education technology in the U.S. reached $632 billion in 2010–11—or some $12,608 per public school student</b>. Analysts say the education technology part of the financial pie will only get bigger.<br />
<br />
“Expenditures will continue to grow simply because of the non-stop expansion of available technology in the market,” said Jeffery Bailie, a professor in education management at Kaplan University, the for-profit and mostly online learning college.<br />
<br />
And funding for education tech companies will grow as well, said Michal Borkowski, the CEO of Brainly, a social learning network that announced a $9 million funding round last October.<br />
<br />
“Raising capital is a lot easier now than in 2009 when we started,” said Borkowski. “There is a lot of competition for the money, but there are a lot of opportunities for investors.”<br />
<br />
It all adds up to the potential of a booming sector in the years ahead, according to Chip Paucek, CEO of 2U, a newly public tech firm that provides online degree programs for nonprofit colleges and universities.<br />
<br />
“Education tech businesses are providing value for investors,” Paucek said. “And as long as you have high quality outcomes, there will continue to be a market for firms like ours.”Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-68821319867164379092015-02-12T09:08:00.001-05:002015-02-12T09:08:42.491-05:00How To Use GPG to Encrypt and Sign Messages on an Ubuntu 12.04 VPS<h1 class="content-title">
How To Use GPG to Encrypt and Sign Messages on an Ubuntu 12.04 VPS</h1>
<div class="tut-meta">
</div>
<br />
<div class="content-body tutorial-content">
<h3 id="introduction">
Introduction</h3>
GPG, or GNU Privacy Guard, is a public key cryptography
implementation. This allows for the secure transmission of information
between parties and can be used to verify that the origin of a message
is genuine.<br />
In this guide, we will discuss how GPG works and how to implement it.
We will be using an Ubuntu 12.04 VPS for this demonstration, but the
tools are available on any modern Linux distribution.<br />
<div data-unique="how-public-key-encryption-works" name="how-public-key-encryption-works">
</div>
<h2 id="how-public-key-encryption-works">
How Public Key Encryption Works</h2>
A problem that many users face is how to communicate securely and
validate the identity of the party they are talking to. Many schemes
that attempt to answer this question require, at least at some point,
the transfer of a password or other identifying credentials, over an
insecure medium.<br />
<h3 id="ensure-that-only-the-intended-party-can-read">
Ensure That Only the Intended Party Can Read</h3>
To get around this issue, GPG relies on a security concept known as
public key encryption. The idea is that you can split the encrypting
and decrypting stages of the transmission into two separate pieces.
That way, you can freely distribute the encrypting portion, as long as
you secure the decrypting portion.<br />
This would allow for a one-way message transfer that can be created
and encrypted by anyone, but only be decrypted by the designated user
(the one with the private decrypting key). If both of the parties
create public/private key pairs and give each other their public
encrypting keys, they can both encrypt messages to each other.<br />
So in this scenario, each party has their own private key and the other user's public key.<br />
<h3 id="validate-the-identity-of-the-sender">
Validate the Identity of the Sender</h3>
Another benefit of this system is that the sender of a message can
"sign" the message with their private key. The public key that the
receiver has can be used to verify that the signature is actually being
sent by the indicated user.<br />
This can prevent a third-party from "spoofing" the identity of
someone. It also helps to ensure that the message was transmitted
in-full, without damage or file corruption.<br />
<div data-unique="set-up-gpg-keys" name="set-up-gpg-keys">
</div>
<h2 id="set-up-gpg-keys">
Set Up GPG Keys</h2>
GPG should be installed by default on Ubuntu 12.04. If it is not, you can install it with:<br />
<pre><code langs="">sudo apt-get install gnupg
</code></pre>
To begin using GPG to encrypt your communications, you need to create
a key pair. You can do this by issuing the following command:<br />
<pre><code langs="">gpg --gen-key
</code></pre>
This will take you through a few questions that will configure your keys.<br />
<ul>
<li>Please select what kind of key you want: <strong>(1) RSA and RSA (default)</strong></li>
<li>What keysize do you want? <strong>4096</strong></li>
<li>Key is valid for? <strong>0</strong></li>
<li>Is this correct? <strong>y</strong></li>
<li>Real name: <strong>your real name here</strong></li>
<li>Email address: <strong>your_email@address.com</strong></li>
<li>Comment: <strong>Optional comment that will be visible in your signature</strong></li>
<li>Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? <strong>O</strong></li>
<li>Enter passphrase: <strong>Enter a secure passphrase here (upper & lower case, digits, symbols)</strong></li>
</ul>
At this point, it will need to generate the keys using entropy. This
is basically a term to describe the amount of unpredictability that
exists in a system. GPG uses this entropy to generate a random set of
keys.<br />
It is best to open a new terminal and ssh into the VPS while this
runs. Install some software, do some work, and just use the machine as
much as possible to let it generate the needed entropy.<br />
This process may take a long time, depending on how active you can make your system. There is an article here about <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-setup-additional-entropy-for-cloud-servers-using-haveged">how to generate additional entropy with haveged</a>, which may be of use.<br />
<h3 id="create-a-revocation-certificate">
Create a Revocation Certificate</h3>
You need to have a way of invalidating your key pair in case there is
a security breach, or in case you lose your secret key. There is an
easy way of doing this with the GPG software.<br />
This should be done as soon as you make the key pair, not when you
need it. This revocation key must be generated ahead of time and kept
in a secure, separate location in case your computer is compromised or
inoperable. Type:<br />
<pre>gpg --gen-revoke <span class="highlight">your_email@address.com</span>
</pre>
You will be asked for the reason that it is being revoked. You can
choose any of the available options, but since this is being done ahead
of time, you won't have the specifics.<br />
You will then be offered to supply a comment and finally, to confirm the selections.<br />
Afterwards, a revocation certificate will be generated to the screen.
Copy and paste this to a secure location, or print it for later use:<br />
<pre><code langs="">Revocation certificate created.
Please move it to a medium which you can hide away; if Mallory gets
access to this certificate he can use it to make your key unusable.
It is smart to print this certificate and store it away, just in case
your media become unreadable. But have some caution: The print system of
your machine might store the data and make it available to others!
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.11 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: A revocation certificate should follow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=isbs
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
</code></pre>
<div data-unique="how-to-import-other-users'-public-keys" name="how-to-import-other-users'-public-keys">
</div>
<h2 id="how-to-import-other-users'-public-keys">
How To Import Other Users' Public Keys</h2>
GPG would be pretty useless if you could not accept other public keys from people you wished to communicate with.<br />
You can import someone's public key in a variety of ways. If you've
obtained a public key from someone in a text file, GPG can import it
with the following command:<br />
<pre>gpg --import <span class="highlight">name_of_pub_key_file</span>
</pre>
There is also the possibility that the person you are wishing to
communicate with has uploaded their key to a public key server. These
key servers are used to house people's public keys from all over the
world.<br />
A popular key server that syncs its information with a variety of
other servers is the MIT public key server. You can search for people
by their name or email address by going here in your web browser:<br />
<pre><code langs="">http://pgp.mit.edu/
</code></pre>
You can also search the key server from within GPG by typing the following:<br />
<pre>gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --search-keys <span class="highlight">search_parameters</span>
</pre>
<div data-unique="how-to-verify-and-sign-keys" name="how-to-verify-and-sign-keys">
</div>
<h2 id="how-to-verify-and-sign-keys">
How To Verify and Sign Keys</h2>
While you can freely distribute your generated public key file and
people can use this to contact you in an encrypted way, there is still
an issue of trust in the initial public key transmission.<br />
<h3 id="verify-the-other-person's-identity">
Verify the Other Person's Identity</h3>
How do you know that the person giving you the public key is who they
say they are? In some cases, this may be simple. You may be sitting
right next to the person with your laptops both open and exchanging
keys. This should be a pretty secure way of identifying that you are
receiving the correct, legitimate key.<br />
But there are many other circumstances where such personal contact is
not possible. You may not know the other party personally, or you may
be separated by physical distance. If you never want to communicate
over insecure channels, verification of the public key could be
problematic.<br />
Luckily, instead of verifying the entire public keys of both parties,
you can simply compare the "fingerprint" derived from these keys. This
will give you a reasonable assurance that you both are using the same
public key information.<br />
You can get the fingerprint of a public key by typing:<br />
<pre>gpg --fingerprint <span class="highlight">your_email@address.com</span>
</pre>
<pre>pub 4096R/311B1F84 2013-10-04
Key fingerprint = <span class="highlight">CB9E C70F 2421 AF06 7D72 F980 8287 6A15 311B 1F84</span>
uid Test User <test .user="" address.com="">
sub 4096R/8822A56A 2013-10-04
</test></pre>
This will produce a much more manageable string of numbers to
compare. You can compare this string with the person themselves, or
someone else who has access to that person.<br />
<h3 id="sign-their-key">
Sign Their Key</h3>
Signing a key tells your software that you trust the key that you
have been provided with and that you have verified that it is associated
with the person in question.<br />
To sign a key that you've imported, simply type:<br />
<pre>gpg --sign-key <span class="highlight">email@example.com</span>
</pre>
After you've signed the key, it means you verify that you trust the
person is who he/she claims to be. This can help other people decide
whether to trust that person too. If someone trusts you, and they see
that you've signed this person's key, they may be more likely to trust
their identity too.<br />
You should allow the person whose key you are signing the advantages
of your trusted relationship by sending them back the signed key. You
can do this by typing:<br />
<pre>gpg --export --armor <span class="highlight">email@example.com</span>
</pre>
You'll have to type in your passphrase again. Afterwards, their
public key, signed by you, will be spit out on the screen. Send them
this, so that they can benefit from gaining your "stamp of approval"
when interacting with others.<br />
When they receive this new, signed key, they can import it, adding on
the signing information you've generated, into their GPG database.
They can do this by typing:<br />
<pre>gpg --import <span class="highlight">file_name</span>
</pre>
<div data-unique="how-to-make-your-public-key-highly-available" name="how-to-make-your-public-key-highly-available">
</div>
<h2 id="how-to-make-your-public-key-highly-available">
How To Make Your Public Key Highly Available</h2>
There is not really anything malicious that can happen if unknown people have your public key.<br />
Because of this, it may be beneficial to make your public key easily
available. People can then easily find your information to send you
secure messages, from the very first communication.<br />
You can send anyone your public key by requesting it from the GPG system:<br />
<pre>gpg --armor --export <span class="highlight">your_email@address.com</span>
</pre>
<pre>-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.11 (GNU/Linux)
mQINBFJPCuABEACiog/sInjg0O2SqgmG1T8n9FroSTdN74uGsRMHHAOuAmGLsTse
9oxeLQpN+r75Ko39RVE88dRcW710fPY0+fjSXBKhpN+raRMUKJp4AX9BJd00YA/4
EpD+8cDK4DuLlLdn1x0q41VUsznXrnMpQedRmAL9f9bL6pbLTJhaKeorTokTvdn6
5VT3pb2o+jr6NETaUxd99ZG/osPar9tNThVLIIzG1nDabcTFbMB+w7wOJuhXyTLQ
JBU9xmavTM71PfV6Pkh4j1pfWImXc1D8dS+jcvKeXInBfm2XZsfOCesk12YnK3Nc
u1Xe1lxzSt7Cegum4S/YuxmYoh462oGZ7FA4Cr2lvAPVpO9zmgQ8JITXiqYg2wB3
. . .
</pre>
You can then copy and paste this or send this in an appropriate medium.<br />
If you want to publish your key to a key server, you can do it manually through the forms available on most of the server sites.<br />
Another option is to do this through the GPG interface.<br />
Look up your key ID by typing:<br />
<pre>gpg --list-keys <span class="highlight">your_email@address.com</span>
</pre>
The highlighted portion is your key ID. It is a short way to reference the key to the internal software.<br />
<pre>pub 4096R/<span class="highlight">311B1F84</span> 2013-10-04
uid Test User <test .user="" address.com="">
sub 4096R/8822A56A 2013-10-04
</test></pre>
To upload your key to a certain key server, you can then use this syntax:<br />
<pre>gpg --send-keys --keyserver pgp.mit.edu <span class="highlight">key_id</span>
</pre>
<div data-unique="encrypt-and-decrypt-messages-with-gpg" name="encrypt-and-decrypt-messages-with-gpg">
</div>
<h2 id="encrypt-and-decrypt-messages-with-gpg">
Encrypt and Decrypt Messages with GPG</h2>
You can easily encrypt and decrypt messages after you have configured your keys with the other party.<br />
<h3 id="encrypt-messages">
Encrypt Messages</h3>
You can encrypt messages using the "--encrypt" flag for GPG. The basic syntax would be:<br />
<pre>gpg --encrypt --sign --armor -r <span class="highlight">person@email.com</span> <span class="highlight">name_of_file</span>
</pre>
The parameters basically encrypt the email, sign it with your private
key to guarantee that it is coming from you, and generates the message
in a text format instead of raw bytes.<br />
You should also include a second "-r" recipient with your own email
address if you want to be able to read the message ever. This is
because the message will be encrypted with each person's public key, and
will only be able to be decrypted with the associated private key.<br />
So if it was only encrypted with the other party's public key, you
would not be able to view the message again, unless you somehow obtained
their private key. Adding yourself as a second recipient encrypts the
message two separate times, one for each recipient.<br />
<h3 id="decrypt-messages">
Decrypt Messages</h3>
When you receive a message, simply call GPG on the message file:<br />
<pre>gpg <span class="highlight">file_name</span>
</pre>
The software will prompt you as necessary.<br />
If you have the message as a raw text stream, you can copy and paste it after you just typing <code>gpg</code> without any arguments. You can press "CTRL-D" to signify the end of the message and GPG will decrypt it for you.<br />
<div data-unique="key-maintenance" name="key-maintenance">
</div>
<h2 id="key-maintenance">
Key Maintenance</h2>
There are a number of procedures that you may need to use on a regular basis to manage your key database.<br />
To list your available GPG keys that you have from other people, you can issue this command:<br />
<pre><code langs="">gpg --list-keys
</code></pre>
Your key information can become outdated if you are relying on
information pulled from public key servers. You do not want to be
relying on revoked keys, because that would mean you are trusting
potentially compromised keys.<br />
You can update the key information by issuing:<br />
<pre><code langs="">gpg --refresh-keys
</code></pre>
This will fetch new information from the key servers.<br />
You can pull information from a specific key server by using:<br />
<pre>gpg --keyserver <span class="highlight">key_server</span> --refresh-keys
</pre>
<div data-unique="conclusion" name="conclusion">
</div>
<h2 id="conclusion">
Conclusion</h2>
Using GPG correctly can help you secure your communications with
different people. This is extremely helpful, especially when dealing
with sensitive information, but also when dealing with regular, every
day messaging.<br />
Because of the way that certain encrypted communications can be
flagged by monitoring programs, it is recommended to use encryption for
everything, not just "secret" data. That will make it more difficult
for people to know when you are sending important data or just sending a
friendly hello.<br />
GPG encryption is only useful when both parties use good security
practices and are vigilant about their other security practices.
Educate those who you communicate regularly with about the importance of
these practices if you want to have the possibility of
cryptographically secure communication.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-18630326750591079832015-02-11T23:37:00.003-05:002015-02-11T23:37:31.497-05:00Django file browser doesn't work django-filebrowser<div class="question-body">
django-filebrowser and grapelli<br />
<div class="entry-meta">
<span class="entry-date"><a href="http://bixly.com/blog/django-filebrowser-and-grapelli/" rel="bookmark" title="1:38 am">March 14, 2011</a></span> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://bixly.com/blog/author/michelle/" title="View all posts by michelle">michelle</a></span> <span class="comments-link"> · Comments Off</span> </div>
<div class="entry-content">
<a href="http://bixly.com/blog/tmux-terminal-multiplexer/">django</a>-grappelli
provides a revamp of the existing django admin look-and-feel. In
itself, it simply makes your site look better – you’ll need this in case
a site also needs to provide admin access to the product owner. For
this case, however, we’re using grappelli as a dependency for
django-filebrowser.<br />
django-filebrowser does exactly what its name says. In a nutshell,
django-filebrowser lets you navigate through and manipulate your media
files through your django admin site. This is useful should you
eventually need the end-user to be able to control image files without
having to dig deep into the server’s internal filesystem.<br />
First, make sure the dependencies are installed. PIL may prove tricky to install, but from there it’s all simple.<br />
<ul>
<li>pip install django==1.2</li>
<li>pip install PIL==1.1.7</li>
<li>pip install django-grappelli=2.1</li>
<li>pip install django-filebrowser==3.1</li>
</ul>
You’ll be able to follow these steps, except for the ‘collectstatic’ management command (since we’re using Django 1.2) <a href="http://django-grappelli.readthedocs.org/en/latest/quickstart.htmlAlso,">http://django-grappelli.readthedocs.org/en/latest/quickstart.htmlAlso,</a> I used these additional settings:<br />
<div class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-courier-new crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-mouseover" id="crayon-54da618fcb822400312959" style="font-size: 12px ! important; height: auto; line-height: 15px ! important; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px;">
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap">
<textarea class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="readonly" style="-moz-tab-size: 4; font-size: 12px ! important; line-height: 15px ! important; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; z-index: 0;" wrap="soft">import os
PROJECT_ROOT = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX = '/admin-media'STATIC_DOC_ROOT = PROJECT_ROOT+ '/media'</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="margin-left: -26px;">
<tbody>
<tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="hide">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb822400312959-1">
1</div>
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb822400312959-2">
2</div>
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb822400312959-3">
3</div>
</div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb822400312959-1">
<span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">os</span></div>
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb822400312959-2">
<span class="crayon-v">PROJECT_ROOT</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">os.path</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">abspath</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">os.path</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">dirname</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">__file__</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div>
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb822400312959-3">
<span class="crayon-v">ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'/admin-media'</span><span class="crayon-v">STATIC_DOC_ROOT</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">PROJECT_ROOT</span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'/media'</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
Note: the PROJECT_ROOT style makes your settings more portable, so it’s a good habit to start.<br />
Next, we make a symbolic link to the grappelli media folder (in
site-packages) from your project media folder.(In the directory defined
by MEDIA_ROOT)ln —symbolic /PATH/TO/site_packages/grappelli/media
grappelli<br />
Then, make sure your installed apps has this order:<br />
<div class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-courier-new crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-mouseover" id="crayon-54da618fcb83a041476592" style="font-size: 12px ! important; height: auto; line-height: 15px ! important; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px;">
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap">
<textarea class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="readonly" style="-moz-tab-size: 4; font-size: 12px ! important; line-height: 15px ! important; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; z-index: 0;" wrap="soft">INSTALLED_APPS = ('grappelli','filebrowser','django.contrib.admin',)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="margin-left: -26px;">
<tbody>
<tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="hide">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb83a041476592-1">
1</div>
</div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb83a041476592-1">
<span class="crayon-v">INSTALLED_APPS</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'grappelli'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'filebrowser'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-s">'django.contrib.admin'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
Same goes for your urls,<br />
<div class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-courier-new crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-mouseover" id="crayon-54da618fcb845941443932" style="font-size: 12px ! important; height: auto; line-height: 15px ! important; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px;">
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap">
<textarea class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="readonly" style="-moz-tab-size: 4; font-size: 12px ! important; line-height: 15px ! important; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; z-index: 0;" wrap="soft">urlpatterns
= patterns('',(r'^admin/filebrowser/', include('filebrowser.urls')),
(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),(r'^grappelli/',
include('grappelli.urls')),
(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)$',
'django.views.static.serve', {'document_root':
'/home/kevinzana/Desktop/FileBrowserTest/filebrowser_test/media'}),)</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="margin-left: -26px;">
<tbody>
<tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="hide">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb845941443932-1">
1</div>
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb845941443932-2">
2</div>
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb845941443932-3">
3</div>
</div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb845941443932-1">
<span class="crayon-v">urlpatterns</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">patterns</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">''</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-i">r</span><span class="crayon-s">'^admin/filebrowser/'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">include</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'filebrowser.urls'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span> <span class="crayon-h"> </span> </div>
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb845941443932-2">
<span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-i">r</span><span class="crayon-s">'^admin/'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">include</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">admin</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">site</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">urls</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-i">r</span><span class="crayon-s">'^grappelli/'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">include</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'grappelli.urls'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span></div>
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb845941443932-3">
<span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-i">r</span><span class="crayon-s">'^media/(?P<path>.*)$'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'django.views.static.serve'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span> <span class="crayon-sy">{</span><span class="crayon-s">'document_root'</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'/home/kevinzana/Desktop/FileBrowserTest/filebrowser_test/media'</span><span class="crayon-sy">}</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
(In the directory defined by MEDIA_ROOT)<br />
<div class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-courier-new crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-mouseover" id="crayon-54da618fcb853418641072" style="font-size: 12px ! important; height: auto; line-height: 15px ! important; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px;">
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap">
<textarea class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="readonly" style="-moz-tab-size: 4; font-size: 12px ! important; line-height: 15px ! important; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; z-index: 0;" wrap="soft">ln --symbolic /PATH/TO/site_packages/filebrowser/media filebrowser</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="margin-left: -26px;">
<tbody>
<tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="hide">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb853418641072-1">
1</div>
</div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb853418641072-1">
<span class="crayon-v">ln</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">--</span><span class="crayon-v">symbolic</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-v">PATH</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-v">TO</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-v">site_packages</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-v">filebrowser</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-e">media </span><span class="crayon-v">filebrowser</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
Indicate in additional settings using this as reference:<a href="http://code.google.com/p/django-filebrowser/wiki/Settings">http://code.google.com/p/django-filebrowser/wiki/Settings</a><br />
<div class="crayon-syntax crayon-theme-github crayon-font-courier-new crayon-os-mac print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-mouseover" id="crayon-54da618fcb85e259895044" style="font-size: 12px ! important; height: auto; line-height: 15px ! important; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 12px;">
<div class="crayon-plain-wrap">
<textarea class="crayon-plain print-no" data-settings="dblclick" readonly="readonly" style="-moz-tab-size: 4; font-size: 12px ! important; line-height: 15px ! important; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; z-index: 0;" wrap="soft">python manage.py runserver --adminmedia= 'project_root'/media/grappelli</textarea></div>
<div class="crayon-main" style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<table class="crayon-table" style="margin-left: -26px;">
<tbody>
<tr class="crayon-row">
<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="hide">
<div class="crayon-nums-content" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-54da618fcb85e259895044-1">
1</div>
</div>
</td>
<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important;">
<div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-54da618fcb85e259895044-1">
<span class="crayon-e">python </span><span class="crayon-v">manage</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">py </span><span class="crayon-v">runserver</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">--</span><span class="crayon-v">adminmedia</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'project_root'</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-v">media</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-v">grappelli</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Once you’re set up, check it out with the following url:/admin/filebrowser/browse/<br />
<br />
I have installed Django file browser and added <code>grappelli</code> and <code>filebrowser</code> to my installed apps. And did every thing said in documention but when I browse <code>http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/filebrowser/</code> I got 404 page not found error. What's the problem? I configured my media settings like this:<br />
<pre><code># Media files
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX = '/media/admin/'
FILEBROWSER_DIRECTORY = '/media/'
</code></pre>
<pre><code>
</code></pre>
<pre><code><h2>
2 answers</h2>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<span class="caption">
<span class="datetime">answered 2014-02-11 17:59</span>
<a class="author" href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/236195/frnhr" target="_blank">frnhr</a></span>
<br />
Just solved the exact same problem, and it's the oldest one in the book: <strong>permissions</strong>
(facepalm)<br />
<ul>
<li>make sure your <code>media</code> dir is chmod-ed to <code>755</code></li>
<li>create <code>media/uploads</code> dir and also chmod it to <code>755</code></li>
</ul>
In settings.py, I don't use the <code>FILEBROWSER_DIRECTORY</code> (I guess that <code>uploads</code> is the default)<br />
I really think that throwing <strong><code>400 Bad Request</code></strong> is utterly useless and anoying, but oh well...<br />
<hr />
Just a related note: I don't think there is anything at <code>/admin/filebrowser/</code>, it just gives me a 404. Please correct me it I'm missing something here :)<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>
<span class="caption">
<span class="datetime">answered 2014-02-11 17:59</span>
<a class="author" href="http://stackoverflow.com/users/887865/pryma" target="_blank">pryma</a></span>
<br />
The problem is your FILEBROWSER_DIRECTORY setting. It should have absolute path. <br />
Unfortunately, the error is hidden by the nasty 400 Bad Request, as explained <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#%21topic/django-updates/f_ZqFRWkJik" rel="nofollow">in this ticket</a>.</li>
</ul>
<div>
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<span class="GFP-UI5CAHC" id="t-t">Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</span> </div>
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#21668: Invalid upload_to attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400
error.
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-+--------------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner: nobody
Type: Bug | Status: new
Component: Uncategorized | Version: 1.6
Severity: Normal | Keywords:
Triage Stage: Unreviewed | Has patch: 0
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-+--------------------
It's admirable that django tries to prevent files from being uploaded
outside of MEDIA_ROOT. However, the documentation for file uploads
(<a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/http/file-uploads/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://docs.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/en/dev/topics/http/file-<wbr></wbr>uploads/</a>) doesn't
make this requirement clear, and getting it wrong results in several
layers of useful error messages getting eaten by a generic message
instead. It starts with django.utils._os.safe_join raising a ValueError if the
upload_to path isn't within MEDIA_ROOT. This has a useful message payload
showing both paths and why the exception happened. This message isn't
logged.<br />
However, django.core.files.storage.<wbr></wbr>FileSystemStorage.path immediately
catches that exception, eats the message, and raises a much more generic
SuspiciousFileOperation, containing the desired path but no explanation of
what went wrong.<br />
Finally, django.core.handlers.base.<wbr></wbr>BaseHandler.get_response catches that
SuspiciousOperation, logs the message (good if you have logging turned on,
which many users do not), eats the exception and returns a 400 response
instead.<br />
All the user sees is "400 Bad Request", no traceback and certainly not the
original and useful ValueError message.<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668</a>>
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Re:
[Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in
hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error. (was: Invalid upload_to attribute
results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.)</div>
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#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-+----------------------------<wbr></wbr>----------<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Reporter: GDorn | Owner: nobody
Type: Bug | Status: new
Component: Uncategorized | Version: 1.6</div>
Severity: Normal | Resolution:
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Unreviewed
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-+----------------------------<wbr></wbr>----------
Changes (by GDorn): * needs_better_patch: => 0
* needs_docs: => 0
* needs_tests: => 0<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:1</a>><br />
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Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
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<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-+----------------------------<wbr></wbr>----------<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Reporter: GDorn | Owner: nobody
Type: Bug | Status: new
Component: Uncategorized | Version: 1.6</div>
Severity: Normal | Resolution:
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Unreviewed<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-+----------------------------<wbr></wbr>----------Comment (by anonymous):<br />
Potentially related #19866<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:2</a>><br />
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Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
</div>
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<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner: nobody
Type: | Status: new
Cleanup/optimization | Version: 1.6
Component: HTTP handling | Resolution:
Severity: Normal | Triage Stage:
Keywords: | Unreviewed<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Changes (by timo): * cc: timo (added)
* component: Uncategorized => HTTP handling
* type: Bug => Cleanup/optimization<br />
Comment:<br />
There may be some room for improvement here. How/why did you manage to
attempt to upload a file outside of `MEDIA_ROOT`?<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:3" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:3</a>><br />
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Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
</div>
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<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner: nobody<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Type: | Status: new
Cleanup/optimization | Version: 1.6
Component: HTTP handling | Resolution:
Severity: Normal | Triage Stage:
Keywords: | Unreviewed
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------Comment (by GDorn):<br />
I was attempting to simulate the upload as part of a unit test. As I
didn't want the test polluting my actual uploads directory, I was
attempting to use @override_settings to change the upload path. The
resulting error was very hard to diagnose.<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:4</a>><br />
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<div class="GFP-UI5CEKB GFP-UI5CGKB">
<span class="GFP-UI5CDKB GFP-UI5CEUC" title="Friday, March 28, 2014 at 8:35:22 PM UTC-4">3/28/14</span> </div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CH3D">
<div class="GFP-UI5CFKB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CMIB">
Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CCKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>--------+---------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner: nobody
Type: Cleanup/optimization | Status: new
Component: Documentation | Version: 1.6
Severity: Normal | Resolution:
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Accepted<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>--------+---------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Changes (by timo): * component: HTTP handling => Documentation
* stage: Unreviewed => Accepted<br />
Comment:<br />
I think improving the documentation is the best way forward.<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:5" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:5</a>><br />
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<div class="GFP-UI5CJHB GFP-UI5CPKB">
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<div style="display: inline-block;">
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<div class="GFP-UI5CJKB GFP-UI5CMEC GFP-UI5CLKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div class="GFP-UI5CJKB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CIJB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CAJB">
<div tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="GFP-UI5CBKB"> <tbody>
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<img class="gwt-Image" height="34" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACIAAAAiCAYAAAA6RwvCAAAAnUlEQVR42u3UsQ2AIBAFUOemoKGESajYhA3oWABCfeabUKiFNijRX3xDzkt4ILLknGWGLHi01l4NIYQQQsirkFKKhBDEGLMFY9Qeh2BipdQuqD0OwS4cIaj9FzLNp5nmsPIe6am1SoxRvPfinBOt9RaMUcM79AyFpJTEWns6pMegB73DIFj1FaIHvcMgdxE934fw9yWEEEIIuQuZISuz4exV/fiHnwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="height: 34px; width: 34px;" width="34" /></div>
</td> <td align="left" class="GFP-UI5CEKB" valign="top"> <span class="_username"><span class="GFP-UI5CA1B" style="color: #222222;">Django</span></span> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"> <div class="GFP-UI5CNHB">
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<span class="GFP-UI5CBIB GFP-UI5COHB"><span class="GFP-UI5CL4" role="menu"></span></span></div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CEKB GFP-UI5CGKB">
<span class="GFP-UI5CDKB GFP-UI5CEUC" title="Sunday, May 18, 2014 at 2:13:21 AM UTC-4">5/18/14</span> </div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CH3D">
<div class="GFP-UI5CFKB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CMIB">
Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CCKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner:
Type: | anubhav9042
Cleanup/optimization | Status: assigned<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Component: Documentation | Version: 1.6
Severity: Normal | Resolution:
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Accepted
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Changes (by anubhav9042): * status: new => assigned
* owner: nobody => anubhav9042<br />
Comment:<br />
Working on this in my GSoC project.<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:6" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:6</a>><br />
<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Django <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/</a>>
The Web framework for perfectionists with deadlines.</div>
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</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CH3D">
</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CKHB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CJHB GFP-UI5CPKB">
<div>
<div style="display: inline-block;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="GFP-UI5CJKB GFP-UI5CMEC GFP-UI5CLKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div class="GFP-UI5CJKB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CIJB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CAJB">
<div tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="GFP-UI5CBKB"> <tbody>
<tr> <td class="GFP-UI5CIIB" valign="top"> <div aria-label="Django's profile photo">
<img class="gwt-Image" height="34" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACIAAAAiCAYAAAA6RwvCAAAAnUlEQVR42u3UsQ2AIBAFUOemoKGESajYhA3oWABCfeabUKiFNijRX3xDzkt4ILLknGWGLHi01l4NIYQQQsirkFKKhBDEGLMFY9Qeh2BipdQuqD0OwS4cIaj9FzLNp5nmsPIe6am1SoxRvPfinBOt9RaMUcM79AyFpJTEWns6pMegB73DIFj1FaIHvcMgdxE934fw9yWEEEIIuQuZISuz4exV/fiHnwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="height: 34px; width: 34px;" width="34" /></div>
</td> <td align="left" class="GFP-UI5CEKB" valign="top"> <span class="_username"><span class="GFP-UI5CA1B" style="color: #222222;">Django</span></span> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"> <div class="GFP-UI5CNHB">
<div aria-disabled="false" aria-label="Sign in to reply" class="GFP-UI5CD- jfk-button-standard GFP-UI5CI- GFP-UI5CBIB GFP-UI5CDJB" role="button" tabindex="0">
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<span class="GFP-UI5CBIB GFP-UI5COHB"><span class="GFP-UI5CL4" role="menu"></span></span></div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CEKB GFP-UI5CGKB">
<span class="GFP-UI5CDKB GFP-UI5CEUC" title="Monday, May 26, 2014 at 1:52:13 PM UTC-4">5/26/14</span> </div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CH3D">
<div class="GFP-UI5CFKB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CMIB">
Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CCKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner:
Type: | anubhav9042
Cleanup/optimization | Status: assigned
Component: Documentation | Version: 1.6
Severity: Normal | Resolution:
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Accepted
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------Comment (by timo):<br />
Actually, it appears that this raised a more informative error message in
Django 1.3 (see #22706). We should see if that's possible to restore.<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:7" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:7</a>><br />
<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
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<div class="GFP-UI5CH3D">
</div>
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<div class="GFP-UI5CKHB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CJHB GFP-UI5CPKB">
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<div style="display: inline-block;">
</div>
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<div class="GFP-UI5CJKB GFP-UI5CMEC GFP-UI5CLKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div class="GFP-UI5CJKB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CIJB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CAJB">
<div tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="GFP-UI5CBKB"> <tbody>
<tr> <td class="GFP-UI5CIIB" valign="top"> <div aria-label="Django's profile photo">
<img class="gwt-Image" height="34" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACIAAAAiCAYAAAA6RwvCAAAAnUlEQVR42u3UsQ2AIBAFUOemoKGESajYhA3oWABCfeabUKiFNijRX3xDzkt4ILLknGWGLHi01l4NIYQQQsirkFKKhBDEGLMFY9Qeh2BipdQuqD0OwS4cIaj9FzLNp5nmsPIe6am1SoxRvPfinBOt9RaMUcM79AyFpJTEWns6pMegB73DIFj1FaIHvcMgdxE934fw9yWEEEIIuQuZISuz4exV/fiHnwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="height: 34px; width: 34px;" width="34" /></div>
</td> <td align="left" class="GFP-UI5CEKB" valign="top"> <span class="_username"><span class="GFP-UI5CA1B" style="color: #222222;">Django</span></span> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"> <div class="GFP-UI5CNHB">
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<span class="GFP-UI5CBIB GFP-UI5COHB"><span class="GFP-UI5CL4" role="menu"></span></span></div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CEKB GFP-UI5CGKB">
<span class="GFP-UI5CDKB GFP-UI5CEUC" title="Tuesday, June 17, 2014 at 5:03:13 AM UTC-4">6/17/14</span> </div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CH3D">
<div class="GFP-UI5CFKB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CMIB">
Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CCKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner:
Type: | anubhav9042
Cleanup/optimization | Status: assigned</div>
Component: Documentation | Version: master<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Severity: Normal | Resolution:
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Accepted
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Changes (by anubhav9042): * version: 1.6 => master<br />
Comment:<br />
Since this appears to be a problem in not getting the correct message, I
am going to fix this alongwith #22058.<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:8" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:8</a>><br />
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<div class="GFP-UI5CJHB GFP-UI5CPKB">
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<div style="display: inline-block;">
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<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div class="GFP-UI5CJKB">
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<div tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="GFP-UI5CBKB"> <tbody>
<tr> <td class="GFP-UI5CIIB" valign="top"> <div aria-label="Django's profile photo">
<img class="gwt-Image" height="34" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACIAAAAiCAYAAAA6RwvCAAAAnUlEQVR42u3UsQ2AIBAFUOemoKGESajYhA3oWABCfeabUKiFNijRX3xDzkt4ILLknGWGLHi01l4NIYQQQsirkFKKhBDEGLMFY9Qeh2BipdQuqD0OwS4cIaj9FzLNp5nmsPIe6am1SoxRvPfinBOt9RaMUcM79AyFpJTEWns6pMegB73DIFj1FaIHvcMgdxE934fw9yWEEEIIuQuZISuz4exV/fiHnwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="height: 34px; width: 34px;" width="34" /></div>
</td> <td align="left" class="GFP-UI5CEKB" valign="top"> <span class="_username"><span class="GFP-UI5CA1B" style="color: #222222;">Django</span></span> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"> <div class="GFP-UI5CNHB">
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<span class="GFP-UI5CBIB GFP-UI5COHB"><span class="GFP-UI5CL4" role="menu"></span></span></div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CEKB GFP-UI5CGKB">
<span class="GFP-UI5CDKB GFP-UI5CEUC" title="Monday, June 23, 2014 at 6:17:15 PM UTC-4">6/23/14</span> </div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CH3D">
<div class="GFP-UI5CFKB">
<div class="GFP-UI5CMIB">
Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CCKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner:
Type: | anubhav9042
Cleanup/optimization | Status: assigned
Component: Documentation | Version: master
Severity: Normal | Resolution:
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Accepted
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------Comment (by timo):<br />
This regressed in 1.6 with this commit:
<a href="https://github.com/django/django/commit/d228c1192ed59ab0114d9eba82ac99df611652d2" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://github.com/django/<wbr></wbr>django/commit/<wbr></wbr>d228c1192ed59ab0114d9eba82ac99<wbr></wbr>df611652d2</a>
#diff-<wbr></wbr>dbd7d9159676b15fc9a096b0adb919<wbr></wbr>e9R173<br />
I think we should consider returning a `technical_500_response` in the
handling of `SuspiciousOperation` as we did before if `settings.DEBUG is
True` rather than invoking `handler400`.<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:9" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:9</a>><br />
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<span class="GFP-UI5CDKB GFP-UI5CEUC" title="Tuesday, June 24, 2014 at 6:39:57 AM UTC-4">6/24/14</span> </div>
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Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
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#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner:
Type: | anubhav9042
Cleanup/optimization | Status: assigned
Component: Documentation | Version: master
Severity: Normal | Resolution:
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Accepted
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------Comment (by timo):<br />
Yes, that's the idea. Please add a test. A mention in the release notes
also wouldn't hurt. I'd also consider adding a `status_code` kwarg to
`technical_500_response` so we can continue returning a `400` in this
case.<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:10" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:10</a>><br />
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<span class="GFP-UI5CDKB GFP-UI5CEUC" title="Tuesday, June 24, 2014 at 9:09:55 AM UTC-4">6/24/14</span> </div>
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Re: [Django] #21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad Request" 400 error.</div>
</div>
<div class="GFP-UI5CCKB" tabindex="0">
<input role="presentation" style="height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1;" tabindex="-1" type="text" /><div>
<div style="overflow: auto;">
#21668: Invalid upload_to FileField attribute results in hard-to-debug "Bad
Request" 400 error.<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Reporter: GDorn | Owner:
Type: | anubhav9042</div>
Cleanup/optimization | Status: closed
Component: Documentation | Version: master
Severity: Normal | Resolution: fixed<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Keywords: | Triage Stage: Accepted
Has patch: 0 | Needs documentation: 0</div>
Needs tests: 0 | Patch needs improvement: 0<div class="GFP-UI5COLB">
Easy pickings: 0 | UI/UX: 0</div>
------------------------------<wbr></wbr>-------+----------------------<wbr></wbr>---------------
Changes (by Tim Graham <timograham>): * status: assigned => closed
* resolution: => fixed<br />
Comment:<br />
In [changeset:"<wbr></wbr>dbbcfca476e29354c3a5c6221112b5<wbr></wbr>5741babc14"]:
{{{
#!CommitTicketReference repository=""
revision="<wbr></wbr>dbbcfca476e29354c3a5c6221112b5<wbr></wbr>5741babc14"
Fixed #21668 -- Return detailed error page when SuspiciousOperation is
raised and DEBUG=True<br />
Thanks GDorn and gox21 for report.<br />
Thanks Tim Graham for idea and review.
}}}<br />
--
Ticket URL: <<a href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/21668#comment:11" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://code.djangoproject.<wbr></wbr>com/ticket/21668#comment:11</a>><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-83435655963051452602015-02-11T14:39:00.002-05:002015-02-11T14:39:21.003-05:00Machine Learning<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span dir="auto" style="font-size: 23.8759994506836px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 28.6511993408203px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence</span></span></h1>
<div>
<span dir="auto" style="font-size: 23.8759994506836px; line-height: 28.6511993408203px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">http://pybrain.org/pages/features</span></span></div>
<div>
<span dir="auto" style="font-size: 23.8759994506836px; line-height: 28.6511993408203px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">http://research.microsoft.com/apps/video/default.aspx?id=230284</span></span></div>
<div>
<span dir="auto" style="font-size: 23.8759994506836px; line-height: 28.6511993408203px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">http://essentia.upf.edu/documentation/installing.html</span></span></div>
<div>
<span dir="auto" style="font-size: 23.8759994506836px; line-height: 28.6511993408203px;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">http://essentia.upf.edu/</span></span></div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 23.8759994506836px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span dir="auto">Machine Learning</span></h1>
<div class="mw-body" id="bodyContent" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6999998092651px; line-height: 19.0499992370605px;">
<div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 10.6679992675781px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#column-one" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12.0649995803833px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12.0649995803833px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11.3410997390747px;"> [<a class="internal" href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#" id="togglelink" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Join_the_Mailing_List" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Join the Mailing List</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Next_Meeting" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Next Meeting</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Learn_about_Data_Science_and_Machine_Learning" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Learn about Data Science and Machine Learning</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Classes" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Classes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Books" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Tutorials" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tutorials</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Noisebridge_ML_Class_Slides" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Noisebridge ML Class Slides</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Code_and_SourceForge_Site" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Code and SourceForge Site</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Future_Talks_and_Topics.2C_Ideas" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Future Talks and Topics, Ideas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Projects" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Projects</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Datasets_and_Websites" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Datasets and Websites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Software_Tools" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Software Tools</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Generic_ML_Libraries" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Generic ML Libraries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Deep_Nets" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Deep Nets</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Online_ML" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Online ML</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Graphical_Models" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Graphical Models</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Text_Stuff" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Text Stuff</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Collaborative_Filtering" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Collaborative Filtering</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Computer_Vision" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Computer Vision</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Audio_Processing" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.8</span> <span class="toctext">Audio Processing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Data_Visualization" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.9</span> <span class="toctext">Data Visualization</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Cluster_Computing" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.10</span> <span class="toctext">Cluster Computing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Database_Stuff" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.11</span> <span class="toctext">Database Stuff</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Neural_Simulation" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.12</span> <span class="toctext">Neural Simulation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Other" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.13</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Presentations_and_other_Materials" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Presentations and other Materials</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Topics_to_Learn_and_Teach" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Topics to Learn and Teach</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning#Meeting_Notes" style="background: none; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Meeting Notes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Join the Mailing List">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Join_the_Mailing_List">Join the Mailing List</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<a class="external free" href="https://www.noisebridge.net/mailman/listinfo/ml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">https://www.noisebridge.net/mailman/listinfo/ml</a></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.7639999389648px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Next Meeting">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Next_Meeting">Next Meeting</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">When: Thursday, August 14, 2014 @ 6:00pm</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Where: 2169 Mission St. (Church classroom)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Topic:</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Details:</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Who: Andy McMurry</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.7639999389648px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Learn about Data Science and Machine Learning">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Learn_about_Data_Science_and_Machine_Learning">Learn about Data Science and Machine Learning</span></h3>
<h5 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 12.6999998092651px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Classes">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Classes">Classes</span></h5>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.coursera.org/course/ml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Coursera Machine Learning Course with Andrew Ng</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.coursera.org/course/compneuro" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Coursera Computational Neuroscience Course with Adrienne Fairhall</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-867-machine-learning-fall-2006/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">MIT Machine Learning Class with Tommi Jaakkola</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://cs229.stanford.edu/materials.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Stanford CS229</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~tom/10701_sp11/lectures.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Carnegie Mellon Machine Learning Course with Tom Mitchell</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Linear Algebra with Gilbert Strang</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6Xpj9I5qXYEcOhn7TqghAJ6NAPrNmUBH" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Neural Networks Class with Hugo Larochelle</a></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://statweb.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Elements of Statistical Learning</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?client=ubuntu&channel=fs&q=pattern+recognition+and+machine+learning&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8#channel=fs&q=pattern+recognition+and+machine+learning+pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&channel=fs&q=+Information+Theory%2C+Inference%2C+and+Learning+Algorithms.&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8#channel=fs&q=Information+Theory%2C+Inference%2C+and+Learning+Algorithms+pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000345" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Interactive Data Visualization for the Web (D3)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to R</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/amsbook.mac.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to Probability (Grinstead and Snell)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cis.temple.edu/~latecki/Courses/CIS2033-Spring12/A_modern_intro_probability_statistics_Dekking05.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration: none;">Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics (Kraaikamp and Meester)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://web4.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/D.Barber/textbook/090310.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration: none;">Bayesian Reasoning and Machine Learning</a></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Tutorials">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tutorials">Tutorials</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/unpingco/Python-for-Signal-Processing/tree/master/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Signal Processing IPython Notebooks</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://scikit-learn.org/stable/tutorial/basic/tutorial.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to ML with scikits.learn</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sagemath.org/doc/tutorial/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Learn how to use SAGE</a></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Noisebridge ML Class Slides">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Noisebridge_ML_Class_Slides">Noisebridge ML Class Slides</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML/Workshops/Intro_to_Machine_Learning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML/Workshops/Intro to Machine Learning">Intro to Machine Learning</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML/Workshops/Brief_Tour_of_Statistics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML/Workshops/Brief Tour of Statistics">A Brief Tour of Statistics</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML/Workshops/Generalized_Linear_Models" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML/Workshops/Generalized Linear Models">Generalized Linear Models</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML/Workshops/Neural_Nets" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML/Workshops/Neural Nets">Neural Nets Workshop</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML/Workshops/Support_Vector_Machines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML/Workshops/Support Vector Machines">Support Vector Machines</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML/Workshops/Random_Forests" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML/Workshops/Random Forests">Random Forests</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML/Workshops/Independent_Components_Analysis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML/Workshops/Independent Components Analysis">Independent Components Analysis</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML/Workshops/Deep_Nets" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML/Workshops/Deep Nets">Deep Nets</a></li>
</ul>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Code and SourceForge Site">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Code_and_SourceForge_Site">Code and SourceForge Site</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">We have a <a class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/ml-noisebridge" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Sourceforge Project</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">We have a git repository on the project page, accessible as:</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); font-family: monospace, Courier; line-height: 1.1em; padding: 1em;"> git clone <a class="external free" href="git://ml-noisebridge.git.sourceforge.net/gitroot/ml-noisebridge/ml-noisebridge" rel="nofollow" style="background: url(data:image/png; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">git://ml-noisebridge.git.sourceforge.net/gitroot/ml-noisebridge/ml-noisebridge</a>
</pre>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Send an email to the list if you want to become an administrator on the site to get write access to the git repo!</li>
</ul>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Future Talks and Topics, Ideas">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Future_Talks_and_Topics.2C_Ideas">Future Talks and Topics, Ideas</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Random Forests in R</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Restricted Boltzmann Machines (Mike S, some day)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Analyzing brain cells (Mike S)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Deep Nets w/ Stacked Autoencoders (Mike S, some day)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Generalized Linear Models (Mike S, Erin L? some day)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Graphical Models</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Working with the Kinect</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Computer Vision with OpenCV</li>
</ul>
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<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Projects">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Projects">Projects</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Small_Group_Subproblems" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Small Group Subproblems">Small Group Subproblems</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning/Fundraising" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine Learning/Fundraising">Fundraising</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML_Course" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML Course">Noisebridge Machine Learning Course</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning/Kaggle_Social_Network_Contest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine Learning/Kaggle Social Network Contest">Kaggle Social Network Contest</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/KDD_Competition_2010" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="KDD Competition 2010">KDD Competition 2010</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning/Kaggle_HIV" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine Learning/Kaggle HIV">HIV</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.7639999389648px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Datasets and Websites">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Datasets_and_Websites"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning/Datasets" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine Learning/Datasets">Datasets and Websites</a></span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">UCI Machine Learning Repository</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/DataSF.org" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="DataSF.org">DataSF.org</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://infochimps.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Infochimps</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.face-rec.org/databases/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Face Recognition Databases</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://robjhyndman.com/TSDL/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Time Series Data Library</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://getthedata.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Data Q&A Forum</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://metaoptimize.com/qa/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Metaoptimize</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.quora.com/Machine-Learning" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Quora ML Page</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/climate-monitoring/land-and-atmosphere/surface-station-records" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">A ton of Weather Data</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://mlcomp.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">MLcomp</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Upload your algorithm and objectively compare it's performance to other algorithms</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ntis.gov/products/ssa-dmf.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Social Security Death Master File!</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sipri.org/databases" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SIPRI Social Databases</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wealth of information on international arms transfers and peace missions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://aws.amazon.com/publicdatasets/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Amazon AWS Public Datasets</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prio.no/Data/Armed-Conflict/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Datasets</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://opendata.socrata.com/browse" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Socrata Government Datasets</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://us-city.census.okfn.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">US City Census Data</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://webscope.sandbox.yahoo.com/catalog.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Yahoo Labs Datasets</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.7639999389648px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Software Tools">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Software_Tools">Software Tools</span></h3>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Generic ML Libraries">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Generic_ML_Libraries">Generic ML Libraries</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Weka</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">a collection of data mining tools and machine learning algorithms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://scikit-learn.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">scikits.learn</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Machine learning Python package</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/scikits.statsmodels" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">scikits.statsmodels</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Statistical models to go with scipy</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://pybrain.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PyBrain</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Does feedforward, recurrent, SOM, deep belief nets.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">LIBSVM</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">c-based SVM package</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://pyml.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PyML</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://mdp-toolkit.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">MDP</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Modular framework, has lots of stuff!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning/VirtualBox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine Learning/VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> Virtual Box Image with Pre-installed Libraries listed here</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://sympy.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">sympy</a> Does symbolic math</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://waffles.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Waffles</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Open source C++ set of machine learning command line tools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://rapid-i.com/content/view/181/196/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">RapidMiner</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mrpt.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Mobile Robotic Programming Toolkit</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://nipy.sourceforge.net/nitime/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">nitime</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">NeuroImaging in Python, has some good time series analysis stuff and multi-variate response fitting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://pandas.pydata.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Pandas</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Data analysis workflow in python</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.pytables.org/moin" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PyTables</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Adds querying capabilities to HDF5 files</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://statsmodels.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">statsmodels</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Regression, time series analysis, statistics stuff for python</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://github.com/JohnLangford/vowpal_wabbit/wiki" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Vowpal Wabbit</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Intrinsically Fast" implementation of gradient descent for large datasets</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.shogun-toolbox.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Shogun</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fast implementations of SVMs</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mlpack.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">MLPACK</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">High performance scalable ML Library</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.torch.ch/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Torch</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">MATLAB-like environment for state-of-the art ML libraries written in LUA</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Deep Nets">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Deep_Nets">Deep Nets</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Theano</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Symbolic Expressions and Transparent GPU Integration</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://caffe.berkeleyvision.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Caffe</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Convolutional Neural Networks on GPU</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/neurolab/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Neurolab</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Has support for recurrent neural nets</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Online ML">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Online_ML">Online ML</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://moa.cs.waikato.ac.nz/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">MOA (Massive Online Analysis)</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Offshoot of weka, has all online-algorithms</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://jubat.us/en/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Jubatus</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Distributed Online ML</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://dogma.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">DOGMA</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">MATLAB-based online learning stuff</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://code.google.com/p/libol/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">libol</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://code.google.com/p/oll/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">oll</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://code.google.com/p/scw-learning/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">scw-learning</a></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Graphical Models">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Graphical_Models">Graphical Models</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">BUGS</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">MCMC for Bayesian Models</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://mcmc-jags.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">JAGS</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hierarchical Bayesian Models</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://mc-stan.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Stan</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A graphical model compiler</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://github.com/kutschkem/Jayes" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">Jayes</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bayesian networks in Java</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://tops.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">ToPS</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Probabilistic models of sequences</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://pymc-devs.github.io/pymc/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PyMC</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bayesian Models in Python</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Text Stuff">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Text_Stuff">Text Stuff</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Beautiful Soup</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Screen-scraping tools</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mlsec.org/sally/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SALLY</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tool for embedding strings into vector spaces</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://radimrehurek.com/gensim/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Gensim</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Topic modeling</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Collaborative Filtering">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Collaborative_Filtering">Collaborative Filtering</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://prea.gatech.edu/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PREA</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Personalized Recommendation Algorithms Toolkit</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://svdfeature.apexlab.org/wiki/Main_Page" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SVDFeature</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Collaborative Filtering and Ranking Toolkit</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Computer Vision">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Computer_Vision">Computer Vision</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://opencv.willowgarage.com/documentation/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">OpenCV</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Computer Vision Library</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Has ML component (SVM, trees, etc)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Online tutorials <a class="external text" href="http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~nk752/tutorials.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">here</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://drwn.anu.edu.au/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">DARWIN</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Generic C++ ML and Computer Vision Library</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/petavision/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PetaVision</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Developing a real-time, full-scale model of the primate visual cortex.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Audio Processing">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Audio_Processing">Audio Processing</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://tlecomte.github.com/friture/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Friture</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Real-time spectrogram generation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://code.google.com/p/pyo/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">pyo</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Real-time audio signal processing</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://github.com/jsawruk/pymir" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">PYMir</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A library for reading mp3's into python, and doing analysis</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PRAAT</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Speech analysis toolkit</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://ofer.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/sound_analysis_pro" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Sound Analysis Pro</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tool for analyzing animal sounds</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://luscinia.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Luscinia</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Software for archiving, measuring, and analyzing bioacoustic data</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">List of Sound Tools for Python</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://jasperproject.github.io/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Jasper</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Voice-control anything!</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Data Visualization">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Data_Visualization">Data Visualization</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ailab.si/orange/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Orange</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Strong data visualization component</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://gephi.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Gephi</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Graph Visualization</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">ggplot</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nice plotting package for R</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://code.enthought.com/projects/mayavi/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">MayaVi2</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">3D Scientific Data Visualization</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://cytoscape.github.io/cytoscape.js/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Cytoscape</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A JavaScript graph library for analysis and visualisation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://plot.ly/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">plot.ly</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Web-based plotting</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000345/ch02.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">D3 Ebook</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Has a good list of HTML/CSS/Javascript data visualization tools.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://plot.ly/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/gif; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 16px; text-decoration: none;">plotly</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Python plotting tool</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cluster Computing">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cluster_Computing">Cluster Computing</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://lucene.apache.org/mahout/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Mahout</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Hadoop cluster based ML package.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/star/cluster/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">STAR: Cluster</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Easily build your own Python computing cluster on Amazon EC2</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Database Stuff">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Database_Stuff">Database Stuff</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://madlib.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">MADlib</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Machine learning algorithms for in-database data</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.joyent.com/products/manta" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Manta</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Distributed object storage</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Neural Simulation">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Neural_Simulation">Neural Simulation</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://nengo.ca/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Nengo</a></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 14.7319993972778px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.6695194244385px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/mloss/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Journal of Machine Learning Software List</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.7639999389648px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Presentations and other Materials">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Presentations_and_other_Materials">Presentations and other Materials</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Awesome_Machine_Learning_Applications" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Awesome Machine Learning Applications">Awesome Machine Learning Applications</a> -- A list of cool applications of ML</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Hands-on_Machine_Learning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Hands-on Machine Learning">Hands-on Machine Learning</a>, a presentation <a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/User:Jbm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="User:Jbm">jbm</a> gave on 2009-01-07.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external free" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/StanfordUniversity#g/c/A89DCFA6ADACE599" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.youtube.com/user/StanfordUniversity#g/c/A89DCFA6ADACE599</a> Stanford Machine Learning online course videos]</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="internal" href="https://www.noisebridge.net/images/c/c8/Brief_statistics_slides.pdf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Brief statistics slides.pdf">Media:Brief_statistics_slides.pdf</a>, a presentation given on statistics for the machine learning group</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.linkedin.com/groupAnswers?viewQuestionAndAnswers=&discussionID=20096092&gid=77616&trk=EML_anet_qa_ttle-0Nt79xs2RVr6JBpnsJt7dBpSBA" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">LinkedIn</a> discussion on good resources for data mining and predictive analytics</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.face-rec.org/algorithms/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Face Recognition Algorithms</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/~welling/classnotes/classnotes.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Max Welling's ML classnotes</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16.7639999389648px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 12.7406396865845px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/index.php?title=Machine_Learning&action=edit&section=27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Topics to Learn and Teach">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Topics_to_Learn_and_Teach">Topics to Learn and Teach</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/NBML_Course" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="NBML Course">NBML Course</a> - Noisebridge Machine Learning Curriculum (work-in-progress)</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/CS229" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="CS229">CS229</a> - The Stanford Machine learning Course @ noisebridge</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Supervised Learning<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Linear Regression</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Linear Discriminants</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Neural Nets/Radial Basis Functions</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Support Vector Machines</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Classifier Combination <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cedar.buffalo.edu/~srihari/CSE555/Chap9.Part6.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A basic decision tree builder, recursive and using entropy metrics</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Unsupervised Learning<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning/HMM" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine Learning/HMM">Hidden Markov Models</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Clustering: PCA, k-Means, Expectation-Maximization</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Graphical Modeling</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Generative Models: gaussian distribution, multinomial distributions, HMMs, Naive Bayes</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Machine_Learning/Deep_Belief_Networks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #5a3696; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine Learning/Deep Belief Networks">Deep Belief Networks & Restricted Boltzmann Machines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Reinforcement Learning<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Temporal Difference Learning</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Math, Probability & Statistics<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Metric spaces and what they mean</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fundamentals of probabilities</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Decision Theory (Bayesian)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Maximum Likelihood</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bias/Variance Tradeoff, VC Dimension</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bagging, Bootstrap, Jacknife <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cedar.buffalo.edu/~srihari/CSE555/Chap9.Part3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Information Theory: Entropy, Mutual Information, Gaussian Channels</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Estimation of Misclassification <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cedar.buffalo.edu/~srihari/CSE555/Chap9.Part5.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No-Free Lunch Theorem <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cedar.buffalo.edu/~srihari/CSE555/Chap9.Part1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Machine Learning SDK's<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://opencv.willowgarage.com/documentation/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">OpenCV</a> ML component (SVM, trees, etc)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://lucene.apache.org/mahout/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Mahout</a> a Hadoop cluster based ML package.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Weka</a> a collection of data mining tools and machine learning algorithms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Applications<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Collective Intelligence & Recommendation Engines</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-11266607526454540412015-02-11T14:37:00.001-05:002015-02-11T14:37:19.162-05:00A Machine Learning Approach to Classify Music by Mood Based on Song Lyricshttp://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/<br />
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MusicMood: A Machine Learning Approach to Classify Music by Mood Based on Song Lyrics</h1>
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Written by: <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/" rel="author external" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Visit Sebastian Raschka’s website">Sebastian Raschka</a></div>
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Primary Source: <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_musicmood.html" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebastian Raschka</a></div>
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In this article, I want to share my experience with a recent data mining project which probably was one of my most favorite hobby projects so far. It’s all about building a classification model that can automatically predict the mood of music based on song lyrics.</div>
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Links</h3>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Webapps/musicmood.html" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Try the MusicMood webapp</a></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://github.com/rasbt/musicmood" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Go to the MusicMood GitHub repository</a></li>
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<a href="http://rasbt.pythonanywhere.com/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="300" src="http://sebastianraschka.com/Images/2014_music_classifier/1000_lyrics_cloud.png" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Sections</h3>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#about" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">About the Project</a></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#data" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Data Collection and Exploratory Analysis</a></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#model" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Model Selection and Training</a></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#webapp" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Deploying the Webapp</a></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#future" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Future Plans</a></li>
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About the Project</h2>
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[<a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#sections" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">back to top</a>]<br />The goal of this project was to build a classifier that categorizes songs into <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">happy</em> and <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sad</em>. As follow-up to my previous article <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_naive_bayes_1.html" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Naive Bayes and Text Classification I – Introduction and Theory</a>, I wanted to focus on the song lyrics only in order to build such a classification model ‒ a more detailed technical report is in progress ‒ and here, I want to share the experiences.</div>
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Data collection, pre-processing, and model training was all done in Python using <a href="http://pandas.pydata.org/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pandas</a>, <a href="http://scikit-learn.org/stable/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">scikit-learn</a>, <a href="http://www.h5py.org/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">h5py</a>, and the <a href="http://www.nltk.org/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Natural Language Toolkit</a> ‒ a very smooth and seamless experience up to the point where I tried to deploy the web app powered by <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/community/poweredby/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Flask</a>, but more on that <a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#webapp" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">later</a>.</div>
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In hope that it might be useful to others, I uploaded all the data and code to a <a href="https://github.com/rasbt/musicmood" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">public GitHub repository</a>, and I hope that I provided enough descriptive comments to outline the workflow.</div>
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WHY I WAS INTERESTED IN THIS PARTICULAR PROJECT</h4>
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I have always had a big passion for the “data science” field which is one of the reason why I ended up pursuing a PhD as computational biologist who solves problems in the fields of protein structure modeling and analysis. About a year ago, I had the pleasure to take a great course about research in statistical pattern recognition that really fascinated me. Since I really enjoy music (classic rock in particular) and always wanted to take a dive into Python’s web frameworks, this suddenly all came together.</div>
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Data Collection and Exploratory Analysis</h2>
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[<a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#sections" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">back to top</a>]<br />When I was brainstorming ideas about this project, I had no idea if there were freely available datasets that I could use. I soon found literature about related projects were the authors used hand-labeled datasets for mood prediction. I couldn’t find a source for downloading those datasets though, and those datasets seemed to have too many mood labels for my taste anyway which I thought could have a negative impact on the predictive performance. For this project, I just wanted to focus on the two classes <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">happy</em> and <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sad</em>, because I thought that a binary classification based on song lyrics only might already be challenging enough for a machine learning algorithm based on text analysis.</div>
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THE MILLION SONG DATASET AND LYRICS</h4>
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Next, I stumbled upon the <a href="http://labrosa.ee.columbia.edu/millionsong/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Million Song Dataset</a>, which I found quite interesting. There is also the related <a href="https://www.musixmatch.com/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">musiXmatch</a> catalog which provides lyrics for the Million Song Dataset. However, the lyrics in musiXmatch are already pre-processed, and my plan was to compare different pre-processing techniques. Plus I thought that the creation of an own mood-labeled song lyrics dataset might be a good exercise anyway. So I wrote some simple scripts to download the lyrics from <a href="http://lyrics.wikia.com/Lyrics_Wiki" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">LyricsWiki</a>, filtered out songs for which lyrics were not available, and automatically removed non-English songs using Python’s <a href="http://www.nltk.org/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Natural Language Toolkit</a>.</div>
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MOOD LABELS – WHERE TO GET THEM?</h4>
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So far so good, now that I collected a bunch of songs and the accompanying lyrics, the next task was to get the mood labels. In my first attempt, I downloaded user-provided tags from <a href="http://www.last.fm/home" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Last.fm</a>, but I soon found out that tags like <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">happy</em> and <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sad</em> (and other related adjectives) were only available for a very small subset of songs and very, very contradictory since being incomplete or out of context. Thus, I decided to do it the hard way and hand-label a subset of 1200 songs: 1000 songs for the training dataset and 200 songs for the validation dataset. There is no question about it that associating music with a particular mood is a somewhat subjective task, and if the labels are provided by a single person only, it unarguably introduces another bias. But let me explain later in the <a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#webapp" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Webapp</a> section how I am planning to extend the dataset and want to deal with this bias.</div>
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LABELING DATA CAN ACTUALLY BE FUN</h4>
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Eventually, I ended up listening to 1200 songs while reading the lyrics. Of course, this sounds very tedious, however, I have to say that I also enjoyed this task, since I discovered a lot of good and interesting songs during this process! I used the following guidelines to assign the <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">happy</em> and <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sad</em> mood labels: If the song had a somewhat dark theme, e.g., violence, war, killing, etc. (unfortunately there were quite a few songs matching these criteria), I labeled it as <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sad</em>. Also, if the artist seemed to be upset or complaining about something, or if the song was about a “lost love,” I also labeled it as <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sad</em>. And basically everything else was labeled as <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">happy</em>.</div>
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EXPLORATORY VISUALIZATION TO SATISISFY CURIOSITY</h4>
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After I finished labeling the 1000-song training dataset, I was really tempted to do some exploratory analysis and plotted the number of happy and sad songs over the years. I found the results really interesting: Although there is a large bias towards more recent releases in the Million Song Dataset, there seems to bea trend: Unfortunately, music seems to become sadder over the years.</div>
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Model Selection and Training</h2>
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[<a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#sections" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">back to top</a>]</div>
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NAIVE BAYES – WHY?</h4>
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As I mentioned in the introduction, one reason why I focused on naive Bayes classification for this project was to have an application for the previous <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_naive_bayes_1.html" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Naive Bayes and Text Classification I – Introduction and Theory</a> article. However, since I was also planning to create a small web app, I wanted to have a computationally efficient classifier. Some of the advantages of naive Bayes models are that they are pretty efficient to train in the batch-learning mode while they are also very compatible to on-line learning (i.e., updates on-the fly when new labeled data arrives). By the way, the predictive performance of naive Bayes classifiers is actually not too bad in context of text categorization. Studies showed that naive Bayes models tend to perform well given small sample sizes [1] and they are successfully being used for similar binary text classification tasks such as e-mail spam detection [2]. Other empirical studies have also shown that the performance of naive Bayes classifier for text categorization is comparable to support vector machines [3][4].</div>
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[1] P. Domingos and M. Pazzani. <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1007413511361" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">On the optimality of the simple bayesian classifier under zero-one loss</a>. Machine learning, 29(2-3):103–130, 1997.<br />[2] M. Sahami, S. Dumais, D. Heckerman, and E. Horvitz. <a href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/junkfilter.htm" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A bayesian approach to filtering junk e-mail</a>. In Learning for Text Categorization: Papers from the 1998 workshop, volume 62, pages 98–105, 1998.<br />[3] S. Hassan, M. Rafi, and M. S. Shaikh. <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/abstractAuthors.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6151495" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comparing svm and naive bayes classifiers for text categorization with wikitology as knowledge enrichment</a>. In Multitopic Conference (INMIC), 2011 IEEE 14th International, pages 31–34. IEEE, 2011.<br />[4] A. Go, R. Bhayani, and L. Huang. <a href="http://cs.stanford.edu/people/alecmgo/papers/TwitterDistantSupervision09.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Twitter sentiment classification using distant supervision. CS224N Project Report</a>, Stanford, pages 1–12, 2009.</div>
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GRID SEARCH AND THE FINAL MODEL</h4>
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I especially want to highlight the great <a href="http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/grid_search.html" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">GridSearch</a> implementation in scikit-learn that made the search for the “optimal” combination between pre-processing steps and estimator parameters very convenient. Here, I focussed on optimizing precision and recall via the <a href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.5330.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">F1-score performance metric</a> rather than optimizing the overall accuracy ‒ I was primarily interested in filtering out <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sad</em> songs; one might argue that this could be an interesting application to remove all the <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sad</em> stuff from one’s music library.</div>
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I don’t want to go into too much detail about the model selection in this article (since this will be part of a separate report), so I will just provide a very brief overview of the final model choice: The combination of <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_naive_bayes_1.html#3_1_4_ngrams" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1-gram</a> tokenization, <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_naive_bayes_1.html#3_1_2_stop_words" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">stop word removal</a> and <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_naive_bayes_1.html#3_1_3_stemming" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">porter stemming</a> as well as feature normalization via <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_naive_bayes_1.html#3_4_2_tfidf" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">term frequency-inverse document frequency</a>in combination with a <a href="http://sebastianraschka.com/Articles/2014_naive_bayes_1.html#3_3_multivariate" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">multinomial naive Bayes model</a> seemed work best (in terms of the F1-score). However, the differences between the different pre-processing steps and parameter choices were rather minor except for the choice of the n-gram sequence lengths:</div>
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<img alt="" src="http://sebastianraschka.com/Images/2014_musicmood/roc_all.png" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /> <img alt="" src="http://sebastianraschka.com/Images/2014_musicmood/perform_table.png" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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Deploying the Web app</h2>
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[<a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#sections" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">back to top</a>]<br />I was particularly looking forward to part about turning the the final classifier into a web app. I have never done this before, and I was really eager to dive into <a href="https://www.djangoproject.com/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Django</a> or <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Flask</a>. After browsing through some introductory tutorials, I decided to go with Flask, because being more lightweight it seemed to be a little bit more appropriate for this task. Embedding the classifier into a Flask web framework was actually way more straightforward than I initially thought ‒ Flask is just such a nice library and really easy to learn!</div>
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THE MAGIC NUMBER 500</h4>
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However, the hard part (and probably the most challenging part of this whole project) was actually to deploy the app on a web server. The problems started when I set up a new Python environment on my <a href="http://www.bluehost.com/shared" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">bluehost</a> server (I have a “starter” shared hosting plan). After I eventually got all the C-extensions compiled and installed “properly,” there was another thing to deal with in order to make sure that the <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apache</em> server digests my code: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastCGI" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FastCGI</a>. Luckily, there was this nice <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/deploying/fastcgi/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Flask tutorial</a> to also overcome this challenge. Okay, theoretically I was all set ‒ at least I thought so. When I tried to use the web online for the first time, I remember that everything worked fine. Nice, after I tested the Flask app locally, the app also seemed to work on the web server! Unfortunately, though, the initial joy of the work didn’t last very long when I saw the server throwing “500 Internal Server Error”s once in a while (or rather 80% of the time). I literally worked through hundreds of troubleshooting guides and couldn’t find any reason why. In this particular case, no error message was written to the error log, which was different, for example, when I provoked other 500 errors intentionally.</div>
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PYTHONANYWHERE TO THE RESCUE</h4>
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Eventually, I narrowed it down to the parts of the code where scikit-learn/scipy/numpy code was executed. Thus, my conclusion was that something with the C-libs probably caused the hiccups on this particular server platform. I also contacted the help staff and scripters at bluehost, but, unfortunately, they also couldn’t tell me anything about the particular cause of this issue. At this point, I was pretty much frustrated, since I put a lot of effort into something that didn’t seem to work for unexplained reasons. Still being curious if there was a general issue with my code, I just signed up for a free account at <a href="https://www.pythonanywhere.com/" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pythonanywhere</a> ‒ and see what happened: Without having to install any additional Python libraries, my app just worked magically. However, I will probably try out some other things on the bluehost server in future, snce I don’t like this sort of “unfinished business,” and I am really looking forward to any sort of tips and suggestions that could help with resolving this issue.</div>
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As you can see, although I used a 10-fold cross-validation approach in the modeling selection process the model is still quite prone to over-fitting. The rather small training dataset might be one of the factors, which can hopefully be overcome in future</div>
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Future Plans</h2>
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[<a href="http://spartanideas.msu.edu/2014/12/08/musicmood/#sections" style="border: 0px; color: #548653; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">back to top</a>]</div>
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ARE THERE ANY PLANS TO UPDATE THE CLASSIFIER?</h4>
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Yes! My initial plan was to implement the naive Bayes classifier in an on-line learning mode so that it will be updated every time a user provides feedback about a classification. However, my feeling is that there will be a growing bias towards a certain subset of the most popular contemporary songs. Because I am also very eager to extend the training dataset for other analyses, e.g., comparisons of different machine learning algorithms and performance comparisons with regard to different training dataset sizes, I opted for another solution. Right now, I save the songs, lyrics, and suggested mood labels to a database if a user provides voluntary feedback about the prediction. After certain time intervals, I am planning to re-train and re-evaluate the model to hopefully improve the predictive performance and gain some interesting insights. The mood label assignment is highly subjective of course, thus, I am saving multiple mood labels per song to the database so that the “ground truth” label can be determined by majority rule. Also, this can open a door to some interesting regression-based analysis.</div>
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WHAT ABOUT SOUND DATA?</h4>
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I thought about including sound data in the classification. However, I think the challenge is that sound data is hard to obtain. Sure, there are those HDF5 files in the Million Song Dataset with pre-extracted sound features, but what about new songs that are not in the training dataset? Maybe data streaming from YouTube could be a possibility to be explored in future.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-23375920249886822482015-02-11T14:36:00.001-05:002015-02-11T14:36:10.132-05:00Building an Audio Classifier -- simple-minded audio classifier<article style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 60px;"><pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><div class="repository-website" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: Helvetica, arial, freesans, clean, sans-serif, 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal; white-space: normal;">
<h1 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 2.25em; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0.3em; position: relative;">
smacpy - simple-minded audio classifier in python</h1>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 16px;">
<span style="line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">This is a classifier that you can train on a set of labelled audio files, and then it predicts a label for further audio files. It is designed with two main aims:</span></div>
<ol class="task-list" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">to provide a baseline against which to test more advanced audio classifiers;</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">to provide a simple code example of a classifier which people are free to build on.</li>
</ol>
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It uses the very common workflow of taking audio, converting it frame-by-frame into MFCCs, and modelling the MFCC "bag of frames" with a GMM.</div>
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.75em; line-height: 1.225; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.3em; position: relative;">
<a aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/danstowell/smacpy#requirements" id="user-content-requirements" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4183c4; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 1; margin-left: -30px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 6px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"></a>Requirements</h2>
<ul class="task-list" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Python 2.7 or later (it uses the 'argparse' module, not available earlier)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Python modules:<ul class="task-list" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">numpy</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/scikits.audiolab" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4183c4; text-decoration: none;">scikits.audiolab</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://scikit-learn.sourceforge.net/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4183c4; text-decoration: none;">sckikit-learn</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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It has been tested on python 2.7 (on ubuntu 11.10 and 12.04). Not yet tested on python3 but it should be fine...</div>
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.75em; line-height: 1.225; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.3em; position: relative;">
<a aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/danstowell/smacpy#usage-example-1-commandline" id="user-content-usage-example-1-commandline" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4183c4; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 1; margin-left: -30px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 6px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"></a>Usage example 1: commandline</h2>
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If you invoke the script from the commandline (e.g. "python smacpy.py") it will assume there is a folder called "wavs" and inside that folder are multiple WAV files, each of which has an underscore in the filename, and the class label is the text BEFORE the underscore. It will train a model using the wavs, and then test it on the same wavs (dividing the collection up so it can do a "crossvalidated" test).</div>
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To train and test on different folders, you can run it like this:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f7f7f7; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.6000003814697px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.45; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: auto; padding: 16px; word-wrap: normal;"><code style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.6000003814697px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: initial; overflow: initial; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">python smacpy.py -t trainwavs -T testwavs
</code></pre>
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Segoe UI', Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.75em; line-height: 1.225; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.3em; position: relative;">
<a aria-hidden="true" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/danstowell/smacpy#usage-example-2-from-your-own-code" id="user-content-usage-example-2-from-your-own-code" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4183c4; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 1; margin-left: -30px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 6px; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"></a>Usage example 2: from your own code</h2>
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In this hypothetical example we train on four audio files, labelled as either 'usa' or 'uk', and then test on a separate audio file of someone called hubert:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f7f7f7; border-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.6000003814697px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.45; overflow: auto; padding: 16px; word-wrap: normal;"><code style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.6000003814697px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: initial; overflow: initial; padding: 0px; word-break: normal; word-wrap: normal;">from smacpy import Smacpy
model = Smacpy("wavs/training", {'karen01.wav':'usa', 'john01.wav':'uk', 'steve02.wav':'usa', 'joe03.wav':'uk'})
model.classify('wavs/testing/hubert01.wav')</code></pre>
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</pre>
</article>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6033371892338247117.post-27064262328772523812015-02-11T14:35:00.003-05:002015-02-11T14:35:30.045-05:00Building an Audio Classifier<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><h1 style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 38.5px; line-height: 40px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; white-space: normal;">
Building an Audio Classifier, Part I</h1>
<aside style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; padding-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal;">Dmitry Kislyuk | Posted at: February 1, 2013</aside><article style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 60px; white-space: normal;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
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<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
If you have ever used an audio tagging application, such as Shazam, perhaps you’ve wondered how the underlying algorithm is able to correctly classify a track so reliably based on a short audio sample in a very noisy environment. Avery Li-Chun Wang, a founder at Shazam, actually <a href="http://www.ee.columbia.edu/~dpwe/papers/Wang03-shazam.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">published a paper</a> (and has been granted a <a href="http://www.google.com/patents/US6990453" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">patent</a>) describing a highly performant and scalable solution to this problem using audio fingerprints and a fast combinatorial hashing technique. A core concept Wang employs is scoring based on consecutive time-aligned hash token matches, meaning that this model relies on a potential match to correspond in a linear fashion with the sample as time evolves. This works exceptionally well when the audio sample is originating from a true match that the classifier has seen before during training (since the ambient noise can be accounted for in the probabilistic model).</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
My goal (aside from tinkering around to provide my own solution to a problem which has always fascinated me) is to describe an audio recognition system which excels at recognizing heavily distorted audio samples, particularly in the genre of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">electronic dance music</a>, where remixes, mashups, and unofficial bootlegs of tracks are often tagged by listeners before any official release. Thus, the main challenge for the classifier is to make a best guess at <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">original track</em> of the modified sample, with the assumption that the modified track has potentially not been seen before. There are a variety of distortions to consider:</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">the track might have a modified pitch and BPM (beats per minute, or tempo)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">the bass and beat structure might be significantly different from the original (melodies would generally be preserved)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">various audio filters and sound effects might be applied (tremolo, echo, high-pass, low-pass, etc.)</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Because of these complications (especially the first two points), my model will ignore any time-offset parameter, and treat the classification task as a clustering problem. This article will therefore describe a very different approach than what Wang describes in his paper.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
This article will serve as the first part of a series I plan to write as I develop a Python based <a href="https://github.com/dkislyuk/synced.fm" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">music recognition API</a>. This post will focus on statistical concepts behind the classifier, while my next post will go into detailed performance analysis and scalability attempts.</div>
<h3 id="organization-and-structure" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Organization and Structure</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
My first step is to organize a training set and a validation set by selecting 100 tracks from a library of electronic tracks. We want to convert our audio training library to a uniform sampling rate, and because we expect our input audio clips to be very noisy, a low sampling rate (16000 Hz in this project) is acceptable. My plan is to split every training track into 5 second audio samples, with a step size of 1 second, thus constructing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-gram" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">5-gram</a>.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Using <a href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Audacity</a>, I was able to add large levels of noise and distortion to my validation set, including tempo and pitch changes, reverb effects, bass boosts, and echo effects. The validation set simply consists of every track in the training set with a random combination of effects and distortions applied.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
In subsequent articles, where the focus will be scale and performance, a persistent, distributed data store will be introduced to maintain our library of training data. But purposes of this article, where we are dealing with a trivially small training set, in-memory <a href="http://www.numpy.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">NumPy</a> arrays and serialized files will suffice.</div>
<h3 id="signal-processing" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Signal Processing</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Audio classification algorithms often begin by first transforming and analyzing the signal in the frequency domain, in order to perform some form of spectral analysis or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_estimation" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">frequency estimation</a>. As an aside, if you are unfamiliar with the transformations into the frequency domain and why they are useful for a task like this, <a href="http://betterexplained.com/articles/an-interactive-guide-to-the-fourier-transform/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">this excellent article</a> serves as a very accessible introduction to the Fourier transformation, which is used in the feature description that follows.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
For our purposes, among the most common features to use in audio recognition are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel-frequency_cepstrum" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Mel-frequencies cepstrum</a> coefficients (MFCCs), representing the power spectrum of a sound using frequency bands forming the mel scale, which is essentially a series of pitches judged by humans to be of equal distance from one another. <a href="http://yaafe.sourceforge.net/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Yaafe</a> is a great library available for Python to do audio transformations tasks, namely extracting MFC coefficients. The Yaafe <a href="http://yaafe.sourceforge.net/features.html#mfcc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">MFCC description</a> lists several default parameters, three of which are particularly interesting:</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">stepSize</code> - This is one of the parameters I experimented with while building this classifier, eventually using a step size of 256 frames between each block. At 16,000 Hz, this results in 62 blocks per second, and with five second audio samples, there are 310 blocks per sample.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">blockSize</code> - Using overlap factor of two (thus constructing a bigram from the sequence of blocks), I set the block size to 512.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">CepsNbCoeffs</code> - This is the number of cepstral coefficients to extract from each block, defaulted to 13. This means that we are segmenting the aforementioned mel scale into 13 buckets, so to speak. This also means that every audio sample in our system is represented by a set of 310 vectors in <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.15em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.683em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.31em 1000.002em 2.477em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.636em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-4" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-5" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-6" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXNonUnicode-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.843em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.386em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-7" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-8" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-9" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">13</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.238em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>.</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Finally, we are more interested in the magnitude of the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">changes</em> between blocks than the MFC coefficients themselves, in hopes of making the classifier more resistant to pitch distortions and other noise sources. Therefore we want to approximate the first-order derivative between each block, as <a href="http://yaafe.sourceforge.net/features.html#derivate" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">described</a> in the Yaafe documentation.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"> <span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># configure & initialize Yaafe</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">fp</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">FeaturePlan</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">sample_rate</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">16000</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">fp</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">addFeature</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'mfcc: MFCC blockSize=</span><span class="si" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">%d</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;"> stepSize=</span><span class="si" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">%d</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;"> > Derivate DOrder=1'</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">%</span> \
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">512</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">256</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">))</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">df</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">fp</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">getDataFlow</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">afp</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">AudioFileProcessor</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">engine</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Engine</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">engine</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">load</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">df</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># extract MFC coefficients for every track.</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">training_data</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">{}</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">name</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">file</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">training_set</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">afp</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">processFile</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">engine</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">file</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">output</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">engine</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">readAllOutputs</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()[</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'mfcc'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">training_data</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">name</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">{</span>
<span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'mfcc'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">output</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span>
<span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'num_samples'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">output</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">shape</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">}</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="training" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Training</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
To recap, our plan is to split every audio track in our training set into five-second samples, taken every second, thus composing a 5-gram. So if <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-10" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.656em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.516em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-11" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">S<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.003em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> is the length of a training track in seconds, there are just under <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-13" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.656em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.516em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">S<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.003em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> (specifically <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-16" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.656em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.516em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-17" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-18" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">S<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.003em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> - 4) samples representing that track. This might seem rather inefficient, since many of the samples will be relatively similar, but that’s a point I will come back to.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Due to the amount of variance, noise, and distortion that an observation within our sample may contain, individual observations aren’t of much interest to us. We are more interested in describing some sort of overall structure of the MFCC derivatives. One possibility is to represent each sample as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_Gaussian_distribution" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">multivariate Gaussian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture_model" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">mixture model</a> (GMM).</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
A <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">mixture model</em> attempts to group observations into multiple clusters (referred to as subpopulations), and a <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Gaussian</em> mixture model simply indicates that each cluster will be described as a Gaussian distribution, specifically a <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">multivariate</em> Gaussian, since each data point has 13 features in our model.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Typically, a single GMM is used to describe a category from a collection of classes. For example, a common GMM application in music information retrieval is to detect what particular instrument from a<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">collection</em> of instruments creates a given sound, explained in quick detail in <a href="http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~scherrer/MUMT611/a03/Scherrer07GMM.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">this article</a>.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The number of components we choose to use is another important variable, typically denoted as <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-19" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-21" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> in standard literature, and <code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">num_components</code> in the code which follows. Iterating over every component <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-22" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.683em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.003em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, we get the following standard form of a GMM:</div>
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<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span></div>
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<span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-7-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-25" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.238em; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 24.092em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 19.097em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.029em 1000.002em 3.924em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">P</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-30" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-31" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.329em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-32" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.329em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">l<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">g</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-34" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.31em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.897em 1000.002em 4.624em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-35" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXSizeOneSym; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.511em;">∑</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.251em -999.998em); left: 0.469em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.845em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-36" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-37" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.076em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">w</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.656em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.142em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.718em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 50.515625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.231em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.666em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.803em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 50.515625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -2.285em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.986em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-45" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">π<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.123em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-49" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.329em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.433em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-50" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.142em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 5.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.184em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.339em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">N<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 5.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.138em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.686em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0.889em 1000.002em 1.216em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.211em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.469em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-57" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">|</span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-58" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.029em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Σ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.609em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-61" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.889em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-62" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-64" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">|</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.189em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.433em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-65" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-66" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.142em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.376em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 4.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.138em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.339em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 4.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.138em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.686em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-69" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0.889em 1000.002em 1.216em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.211em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.376em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0.889em 1000.002em 1.216em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.305em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 4.718em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-70" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7.472em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-71" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">e</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.469em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.433em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-72" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-73" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-74" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-75" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.138em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: STIXSizeOneSym; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">[</span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-76" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">−</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-77" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.142em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.376em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 4.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.138em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.339em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-78" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 4.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.138em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.686em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-79" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0.889em 1000.002em 1.216em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.211em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.376em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-80" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-81" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.656em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.597em 1000.002em 4.297em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-82" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">μ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.826em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-83" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-84" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-85" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-86" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.297em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-87" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.236em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.293em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-88" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">T<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-89" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.076em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-90" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Σ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.423em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.293em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-91" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-92" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-93" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-94" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.423em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.826em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-95" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-96" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-97" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.656em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.597em 1000.002em 4.297em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-98" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">μ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.826em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-99" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-100" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-101" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-102" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-103" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.138em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: STIXSizeOneSym; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">]</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 3.415em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -1.644em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></div>
where <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-8-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-104" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.071em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.811em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.496em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-105" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-106" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-107" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-108" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-109" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">μ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.516em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-110" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-111" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-112" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-113" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.329em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">∈</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-114" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.329em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.636em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-115" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-116" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-117" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXNonUnicode-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.843em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.386em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-118" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-119" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-120" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">13</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.474em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-9-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-121" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.356em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.076em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.543em 1000.002em 2.617em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-122" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-123" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.029em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-124" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Σ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.609em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-125" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-126" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-127" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.179em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.232em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> is the covariance matrix of component <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-10-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-128" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.683em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-129" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-130" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.003em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>.<br />
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
So what does this GMM actually provide us with? Well, the equation above is a <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">probability</em> model: given an observed value <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-11-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-131" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-132" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-133" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.709em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> (the vector of MFCCs in our case), it tells us what the probability is of that block belonging to this audio sample. We still need to estimate the parameters <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-12-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-134" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.263em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.983em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.776em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-135" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-136" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-137" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">μ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.516em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-138" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> and and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-13-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-139" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.356em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.076em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.543em 1000.002em 2.617em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-140" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-141" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.029em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-142" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Σ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.609em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-143" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.179em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.232em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> for a given GMM, and the most common approach to do this is via the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation_maximization" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">expectation maximization</a> (EM) iterative algorithm, which provides us with a maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Employing the <a href="http://scikit-learn.org/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">scikit-learn</a> library for Python, we have two new parameters to optimize for its EM implementation: <code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">em_epsilon</code> and <code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">em_iter</code>, which define a stopping threshold for the algorithm.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"> <span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">name</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">track</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">training_data</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">iteritems</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">():</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">index</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">xrange</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">track</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'num_samples'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">-</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">audio_block_size</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">audio_step_size</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mfcc_data</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">track</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'mfcc'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">][</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">index</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">index</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">audio_block_size</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classifier</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">GMM</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n_components</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">num_components</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">cvtype</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'full'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># estimate mu_k and Sigma_k via EM</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classifier</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">fit</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mfcc_data</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">thresh</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">em_epsilon</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n_iter</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">em_iter</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># add the new GMM to our trained collection</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">add_classifier</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">name</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classifier</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">timestamp</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">index</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="classification" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Classification</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
So we now have a probability model for every audio sample in our library, and we have an audio input sample (represented as 310 feature vectors), which we want to classify. How would we go about doing this? Well, one approach here would be iterate over every point in our input audio sample, and compute the log-sum probability of those points belonging to a given training sample probability model. But unless we somehow normalize the data points, this approach will be susceptible to outliers. Let’s consider another approach: what if we constructed a new GMM for the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">input</em> sample itself? This might seem counterintuitive at first, since we don’t plan on using the input sample as a classifier, or as part of any training data. However, the advantage we gain is that we organize our input into clusters, and therefore the effect of individual outliers is diminished.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
So let’s suppose we now have two probability distributions (Gaussian mixture models), representing two different five-second audio clips. How would we go about comparing them? What distance metric could we use to give us some sense of simularity between the samples? One possibility is to use the concept of<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">information gain</em>, also known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL-divergence" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Kullback-Leibler divergence</a> in information theory. From Wikipedia:</div>
<blockquote style="border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17.5px; line-height: 1.25;">
Kullback-Leibler divergence is a non-symmetric measure of the difference between two probability distributions P and Q. Specifically, the Kullback-Leibler divergence of Q from P is a measure of the information lost when Q is used to approximate P.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
It should be noted that KL-divergence by itself is not a true distance metric, since it is not symmetrical, but this is of little importance to us, as we can use its symmetric form, which simply adds the reverse measure from Q to P.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Suppose we let <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-14-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-144" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.197em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.73em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-145" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-146" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">P</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-147" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-148" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-149" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.179em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> be the GMM for our input sample, and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-15-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-150" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.383em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.87em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-151" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-152" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Q</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-153" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-154" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-155" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.179em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> be the GMM for a sample in our trained collection. If we sum over every vector <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-16-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-156" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-157" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-158" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.709em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> in our input sample, KL-divergence has the following form:</div>
<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em 0em; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; position: relative; width: 838px;">
<span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-17-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-159" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.238em; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 24.465em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 19.423em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.243em 1000.002em 5.138em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.732em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-160" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-161" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.683em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-162" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">D</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.703em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-163" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-164" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-165" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-166" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">L<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-167" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-168" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">P</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-169" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-170" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Q</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-171" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-172" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.329em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-173" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.329em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.31em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.897em 1000.002em 4.624em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-174" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXSizeOneSym; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.511em;">∑</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.55em 1000.002em 4.251em -999.998em); left: 0.469em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.845em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-175" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-176" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-177" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.465em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: STIXSizeTwoSym; font-size: 23.7762012481689px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">[</span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-178" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">P</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-179" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-180" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-181" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span><span class="mspace" id="MathJax-Span-182" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.002em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0.329em;"></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-183" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">l<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-184" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">n</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-185" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.142em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.963em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 21.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.838em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.666em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-186" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-187" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">P</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-188" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-189" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-190" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 21.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.931em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.312em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-191" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-192" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Q</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-193" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-194" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-195" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0.889em 1000.002em 1.216em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.305em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1.963em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; 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width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 21.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.838em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.312em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-210" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-211" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">P</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-212" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-213" style="-webkit-transition: none; 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left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.305em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1.963em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-215" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.465em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: STIXSizeTwoSym; font-size: 23.7762012481689px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">]</span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 3.737em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 3.415em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -1.644em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-18-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-216" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 5.231em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 4.157em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-217" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-218" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.683em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-219" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">D</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.703em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-220" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-221" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-222" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-223" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">L<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-224" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-225" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">P</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-226" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-227" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Q</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-228" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.179em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> is thus the symmetric KL divergence of our two mixture models. In other words, we now have a direct measure of “similarity” between our two audio samples! If we were to now cycle through every audio sample in our trained collection, and compute this divergence value, the sample with the minimum divergence is what our classification result becomes (barring any minimum confidence restrictions).</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"> <span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># returns an array of tuples containing the KLD and name of each sample compared to to the</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># input audio file, sorted by minimum KLD.</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classify</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_file</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">result</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[]</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># compute the MFCC values</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_engine</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Engine</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_engine</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">load</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">df</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">afp</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">processFile</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_engine</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_file</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_track</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_engine</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">readAllOutputs</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()[</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'mfcc'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_data</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_track</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">audio_block_size</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># input_classifier becomes the P(x) distribution from formula above.</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_classifier</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">GMM</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n_components</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">config</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">"num_components"</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">],</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">cvtype</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'full'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_classifier</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">fit</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_data</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">thresh</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">config</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">"em_epsilon"</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">],</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n_iter</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">config</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">"em_iter"</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">])</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># sci-kit learn provides us with the 'eval' method on any model. In the GMM implementation,</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># a tuple is returned, containing first the probabilities, and then posterior distribution,</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># the latter of which we are not interested in.</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">p_eval</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">test_classifier</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">eval</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_data</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)[</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">key</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">datum</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">training_collection</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">iteritems</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">():</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">q_eval</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">datum</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">eval</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_data</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)[</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">KLD</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.0</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">xrange</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">input_data</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">shape</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]):</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># compute the symmetric KL-divergence</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">KL_pq</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">p_eval</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">np</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">log</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">p_eval</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">/</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">q_eval</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">])</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">KL_qp</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">q_eval</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">np</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">log</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">q_eval</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">/</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">p_eval</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">])</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">KLD</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">KL_pq</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">KL_qp</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">heapq</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">heappush</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">result</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">KLD</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">key</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">))</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">result</span></code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Note that the main loop of the function above can be entirely distributed, and in the second part of this series, we will in fact rewrite it into a mapreduce format.</div>
<h3 id="next-steps" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Next Steps</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
This post outlines the statistical concepts that I’ll be using in this project moving forward, but we should briefly discuss a few outstanding issues. One of the primary concerns is the performance of this system:</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Because of our 5-gram design, every second of audio training data in this system is represented five times! Many contemporary music tracks already have multiple repeating measures and melodies (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">particularly</em> in the electronic music genre), and our n-gram approach further exasperates the problem. However, one solution is to do KLD analysis for every sample within a track against one another, and combining the samples which sound very similar. This “reverse KLD” approach essentially leaves us with the handful of samples which have the highest information gain about that track.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Another significant performance optimization is to consider that MFC coefficients are expected to be relatively decorrelated from one another, and therefore a diagonal covariance matrix can be used in our models, speeding up both the EM process and the classification process. <a href="http://www.irisa.fr/metiss/ozerov/Publications/Ozerov_et_al_chime11.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[1]</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
To recap, there were also several parameters mentioned in this article, compiled below:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"> <span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># MFCC extraction parameters</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">audio_freq</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">16000</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mfcc_step_size</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">256</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mfcc_block_size</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">512</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">frames_per_second</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">audio_freq</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">/</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mfcc_step_size</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">audio_block_size</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">5</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">frames_per_second</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">audio_step_size</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">frames_per_second</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">/</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">1</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># GMM / EM parameters</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">num_components</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">6</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">em_epsilon</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.001</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">em_iter</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">20</span></code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Running detailed tests to find optimal tuning points of these parameters will be a focus of my next entry in this series, along with the performance concerns mentioned previously. I will also introduce a simple algorithm for computing tracklistings for continuous song mixes (consisting of a dozen or more tracks with overlapping transitions) using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_markov_model" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Hidden Markov Model</a> to abstract the song transitions into a probability model.</div>
</article><h1 style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 38.5px; line-height: 40px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; white-space: normal;">
Building an Audio Classifier, Part 2</h1>
<aside style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; padding-bottom: 8px; white-space: normal;">Dmitry Kislyuk | Posted at: September 11, 2013</aside><article style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 60px; white-space: normal;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
In my <a href="http://www.dkislyuk.com/posts/building-an-audio-classifier-part-1/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;">previous post</a>, I discussed an algorithm for classifying noisy audio samples from a large music collection. I had originally set out to create a working clone of Shazam’s classification algorithm, but due to a variety of restrictions (including Shazam’s patent holders having <a href="http://www.redcode.nl/blog/2010/07/patent-infringement/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">legally threatened</a> open source projects in the past), I utilized a completely different approach using Gaussian mixture models to represent audio samples, and information gain as a classification metric.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
This article will build upon the classification framework detailed in my previous post by analyzing the classifier performance through tuning of various model parameters, and discuss the classification of large, continuous mixes of tracks through a modified hierarchical clustering algorithm.</div>
<h3 id="model-parameters" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Model Parameters</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
We will begin by clarifying some convenient terminology and concepts introduced in my previous post:</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
A <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">frame</em> refers to a single loudness (amplitude) reading in an audio file (represented by two 16-bit values in CD-quality audio, one for each channel). The sampling frequency of an audio file determines how many times per second this reading is taken. This project resamples all audio to 16kHz (meaning there are 16,000 frames in one second of audio).</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
A <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">block</em> refers to a collection of frames from which we extract a single MFCC feature vector via a Fourier transform. The ideal block size is an interesting model parameter investigated in this post (ranging from 256 frames to 2048 frames, labeled as the <code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">mfcc_block_size</code> in the code).</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
An <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">audio sample</em> refers to a collection of blocks (specifically the feature vectors extracted from those blocks) from which we construct a single Gaussian mixture model. In this project, an audio sample is fixed to contain 5 seconds of audio data, but the actual number of blocks depends on the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">step size</em>parameter of the sliding window over our sequence of frames (labeled as <code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">mfcc_step_size</code> in the code). For example, suppose our block size was 1024 frames, and we wanted to build a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-gram" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">4-gram</a> of our blocks (meaning the step size would be a quarter of the block frame count, or 256 frames). With a 16kHz sampling rate, there would be 80,000 frames in a 5 second audio sample, meaning there would be 312 feature vectors from which we would construct the GMM (since 80,000 / 256 = 312 when floored).</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
A <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">track</em> from our training set refers to the collection of audio samples (specifically the constructed GMMs) which have the same label (the song name). In this project, we use a sliding window to construct a 5-gram of audio-samples, meaning that we build a GMM (representing the next five seconds of audio) at every second of the song (ignoring the last few seconds of the song). The datastore we use actually disregards the track structure (the relative position of the audio samples), and simply stores a collection of tuples containing a song label, and a marshalled list of parameters describing the mixture model.</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
And finally, an <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">input sample</em> is simply a single audio sample for which we have no label (and thus it requires classification).</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
In addition to the aforementioned block size and step size paramenters (which are passed to the Yaafe feature extractor), there are four other parameters describing our GMM training process (which come from the <a href="http://scikit-learn.org/dev/modules/generated/sklearn.mixture.GMM.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">scikit-learn GMM implementation</a>):</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">num_components</code> refers to the number of components that a single GMM model contains.</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">em_iter</code> refers to the number of iterations our EM process performs. From a performance standpoint, it is important to avoid spending computation time doing unnecessary EM cycles during both training and classification.</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">em_epsilon</code> refers to the convergence threshold for the EM process, upon which it can terminate early.</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">cv_type</code> refers to the covariance parameter type. Typically, a full covariance matrix is used when features are expected to be correlated with each other, while a diagonal covariance matrix is used when features are decorrelated. A diagonal covariance matrix will have less computational complexity (due to simplified matrix operations) at the cost of possibly having less accurate classification performance if the features are in fact correlated.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="evaluating-classifier-performance" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Evaluating Classifier Performance</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Our initial training set contained 100 music tracks, with a validation set of 50 five-second input samples (taken from the training set tracks). All the input samples in the validation set underwent a process of distortion, during which the amplitude, pitch, tempo, and bass levels were randomly modified from 1 to 10 percent, to simulate a noisy recording.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<img alt="Audacity audio editing" src="http://www.dkislyuk.com/images/post_2_audacity.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Audacity audio editing" /></div>
<div class="figure_desc" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 30px; text-align: center;">
Adding distortion to a validation audio sample in <a href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Audacity</a>.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Because our training set is so small when compared to the complete collection of music, even in a narrow genre, deriving a classification score simply from the count of correctly classified validation samples is inadequate. Instead, given a validation sample, we want to use a metric which considers the KL-divergence of each result, and assigns a higher score when information loss for the correct classification is much lower than that of the next <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> results. Thus, we will assign the performance score <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-4" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.563em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.423em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-5" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-6" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">s</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.709em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> of a trained classifier as follows:</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
For every entry in the validation set <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-7" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-8" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-9" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">V<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.096em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, we want to assign a score of 1 if the classification is correct, and then subtract uncertainty coefficients, which are defined as the proportions between the information loss (divergence) of the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">correct</em> classification result, and the divergences of the next <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-10" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-11" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> classification results with <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">unique</em> labels (an important distinction, since one would expect several similar audio samples from the correct track to have low divergence scores, and we are interested in the next K lowest <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">incorrect</em>results).</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
For example, with <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-13" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> set to 3, a very confident classification result might produce the following output:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;">Correct classification of:
> Armin van Buuren feat. Ana Criado - I'll Listen (John O'Callaghan Dark Mix)
confidence score: 0.9978
i | kl-divergence | label
0 | 0.0899 | "Armin van Buuren feat. Ana Criado - I'll Listen (John O'Callaghan Dark Mix)"
1 | 37.4142 | "Fatboy Slim - Right Here, Right Now (Trumpdisco Remix)"
2 | 40.8638 | "Paul Oakenfold - Full Moon Party"
3 | 44.9526 | "Dirty Money feat. Skylar Grey - Coming Home (Dirty South Club Mix)"
...
</code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
If the kl-divergence scores of the incorrect tracks were lower (or the kl-divergence score of the correct track was higher), then the confidence score would drop.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
After normalizing against <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-16" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-17" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-18" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">V<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.096em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-7-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-19" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-21" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, our score definition is:</div>
<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 1em 0em; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; position: relative; width: 838px;">
<span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-8-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-22" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.238em; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 26.193em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 20.777em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.15em 1000.002em 5.511em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.059em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">s</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.329em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.329em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.142em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.216em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 13.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.231em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.666em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 13.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.558em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.312em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-30" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-31" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">|</span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-32" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">V<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.096em;"></span></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-34" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-35" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">|</span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0.889em 1000.002em 1.216em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.305em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1.216em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-36" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.31em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.897em 1000.002em 4.624em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-37" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXSizeOneSym; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.511em;">∑</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.251em -999.998em); left: 0.142em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.845em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">i</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">0</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.317em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.282em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -5.226em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-45" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">|</span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">V<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-49" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-50" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">|</span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.791em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: STIXSizeFourSym; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">{</span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 14.381em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.103em 1000.002em 5.278em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7.145em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.71em 1000.002em 4.811em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.62em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-57" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.142em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.656em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 7.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.184em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.433em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-58" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 7.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.231em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.639em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0.889em 1000.002em 1.216em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.305em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.656em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="munderover" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.01em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.13em 1000.002em 4.437em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-61" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em;">∑</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.936em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.479em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-62" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-64" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">K<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.297em -999.998em); left: 0.936em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.732em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-65" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-66" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">j<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-69" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-70" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-71" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.371em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: STIXSizeTwoSym; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">[</span></span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-72" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-73" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.236em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">−</span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-74" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.236em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.142em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.029em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 11.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.465em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.573em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-75" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-76" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">d<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.919em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-77" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-78" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-79" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">i</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-80" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-81" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">0</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.344em -999.998em); left: 11.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.418em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.639em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-82" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.41em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-83" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">d<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.919em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-84" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-85" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-86" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">i</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-87" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-88" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 10.710000038147px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">j<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0.889em 1000.002em 1.216em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.305em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1.029em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.049em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.002em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.076em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-89" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.371em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: STIXSizeTwoSym; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">]</span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.939em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-95" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-96" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-97" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">0</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(2.897em 1000.002em 5.231em -999.998em); left: 8.266em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.118em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.504em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.62em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-90" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-91" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-92" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-93" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-94" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 12.0594606399536px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">if classification is correct</span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.504em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.939em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-98" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-99" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mstyle" id="MathJax-Span-100" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-101" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-102" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 12.0594606399536px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">if classification is incorrect</span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-103" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.064em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.003em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -1.703em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
where <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-9-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-104" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.73em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.356em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.496em 1000.002em 2.71em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-105" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-106" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.31em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-107" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">d<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.516em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-108" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-109" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-110" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">i</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-111" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-112" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">0</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.297em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.35em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> is the KL-divergence of the correct classification.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Based on this metric, we can evaluate a trained classifier on a scale of 0 to 1. It should be noted that a perfect score is presumed to be unachievable, since we will never have a KL-divergence of 0: even with two identical audio samples, the EM process initializes the GMM parameters to random values, which means the two mixture models will not be identical, and thus some uncertainty in the confidence score will always exist.</div>
<h3 id="parameter-optimization-results" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Parameter Optimization Results</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The first parameter I investigate is the EM iteration count, which is important since we want to avoid unnecessary EM cycles during both training and classification. As observed against component count and block size, with the convergence threshold <code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">em_epsilon</code> set to 0.001, and the <code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">cv_type</code> (covariance) set to diagonal, we get the following results:</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<img alt="Figure 1" src="http://www.dkislyuk.com/images/post_2_figure_1.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Figure 1" /></div>
<div class="figure_desc" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 30px; text-align: center;">
Figure 1. EM iteration count and component count.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
There are a few interesting observations here:</div>
<ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Iteration count does not seem to have much of an effect (meaning that the EM process converges quickly). The exception to this is the 4-component GMM model, where the 50-iteration version performs worse. One explanation for this is to consider each component in the 4-component model as conceptually “encompassing” more data points than the 6 or 8 component models, which means the EM process would have to fit the component over more data points (and more outliers) than the other models (thus possibly explaining why the model performs better with more iterations). Since the total number of data points (blocks) is halved when we double the block size (we fix the block step size to be half of the block size, effectively building bigrams), there are significantly fewer data points to fit by the time the block size is 2048, and the iteration count has no longer has any effect.</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The ideal block size appears to be at 512 or 1024 frames. This is possibly due to the fact that at 2048 frames, we are capturing over 1/8th of a second’s worth of audio data for a single MFCC feature vector, which is perhaps too noisy.</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Increasing the number of components improves the average classification score. We will investigate this parameter more, but we must be aware that increasing the component count results in higher computational complexity.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
An alternative explanation to the second observation has been mentioned: there are half the data points when using a block size of 2048 frames than there are using a block size of 1024. Thus, it would be interesting to test two different sliding window step size ratios, first setting step size to be half the block size (building bigrams as above), then setting step size to be a quarter of the block size (resulting in 4-grams). Thus, in Figure 2 below, a bigram with an block size of 1024 frames would have the same number of data points as a 4-gram with a block size of 2048 frames.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<img alt="Figure 2" src="http://www.dkislyuk.com/images/post_2_figure_2.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Figure 2" /></div>
<div class="figure_desc" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 30px; text-align: center;">
Figure 2. Bigram vs. 4-gram MFCC blocks</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
There are fewer conclusions that we can draw from Figure 2, because the block 4-gram classifiers behave unpredictably. We could note, however, that the best performing classifiers with the block bigrams are those with a block size of 512, while the best performing classifiers with the block 4-grams are those with a block size of 1024 (at least for higher component counts).</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The final parameter investigated is the covariance type of our mixture models. As illustrated in the <a href="http://scikit-learn.org/0.13/modules/mixture.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">sciki-learn GMM documentation</a>, there are several constraints we can place on the covariance between the features of each component. Specifically, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">full</em> covariance implies a <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-10-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-113" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-114" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-115" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">N<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>x<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-11-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-116" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.73em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-117" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-118" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">N<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.049em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> covariance matrix, while <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">diagonal</em>covariance implies that we are ignoring correlation between features.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<img alt="Figure 3" src="http://www.dkislyuk.com/images/post_2_figure_3.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Figure 3" /></div>
<div class="figure_desc" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 30px; text-align: center;">
Figure 3. Diagonal covariance vs. full covariance</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The results illustrate a clear improvement in classification quality when using full covariance versus diagonal covariance. This improvement, however, comes at a performance cost:</div>
<ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
We have to record a full covariance matrix for every component of every mixture model (resulting in almost a 13x storage requirement increase), since we are in a <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-12-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-119" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.15em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.683em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.31em 1000.002em 2.477em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-120" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-121" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.636em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-122" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-123" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-124" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXNonUnicode-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.843em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.386em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-125" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-126" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-127" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">13</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.238em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> feature space (our feature vectors contain 13 MFC coefficients).</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
We increase the computational complexity needed to evaluate a GMM for a given data point (which is required during the KL-divergence comparison), since the matrix operations become more complex (e.g. the matrix inverse is necessary, which could be precomputed, but this would lead to even more required storage).</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
These tradeoffs must be considered when choosing our final model parameters. For the mix classifier below, I opt to use the full covariance matrix (preferring accuracy over faster performance), but the classification API that I have built allows for this parameter to be tuned by the user.</div>
<h3 id="modeling-track-transitions" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Modeling Track Transitions</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
We now arrive at an interesting application of an audio classifier which originally inspired me to work on this project. Suppose that we are given a mix of continuous music, and we would like to produce a complete tracklisting of this mix. For example, here is a short, 9-track trance mix that I made in spring of 2013:</div>
<iframe frameborder="no" height="166" scrolling="no" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?show_artwork=false&show_comments=false&sharing=false&show_bpm=true&&url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F83237125" style="box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"></iframe><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The desired output, if all the tracks used in the mix were in the classifier library, would be the following tracklist:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;">1. Tucandeo - In A Moment (Intro Mix)
2. Tucandeo - In A Moment (Eco Remix)
3. Malek, Jeremy Sky - L'Illusion
4. KhoMha - Dejavu
5. DNS Project - Gauntlet
6. Veselin Tasev - Sant Rafel De Sa Creu (Reorder Remix)
7. EDU - Red Planet
8. Deepfunk, Kassey Voorn - Long Time Coming
9. Mike Foyle vs. Signalrunners - Love Theme Dusk (Mike's Broken Record Mix)
</code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
There are two major challenges here:</div>
<ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
We must correctly discern when the mix is in the middle of a transition between two tracks, which in electronic music typically lasts between 15 and 60 seconds. The transition state will usually be an overlap of non-melodic, beat-heavy portions of two tracks, which means we will have fewer features from each track, and features that we do have will likely be amplifying each other, or be otherwise noisy due to beat syncopation. We must treat this any audio sampling from the transition state with care by making sure our model detects transitions and de-emphasizes them in the classification results.</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Secondly, in order to beatmatch two tracks during a transition, the mix creator will generally pitch-shift the tracks by speeding or slowing them down in order to align their beat structure. High quality harmonic mixing can preserve the pitch, but nevertheless the BPM (beats per minute) change will negatively impact any classification efforts.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
We hope that our classifier is robust enough to handle the second concern, but the first problem will require a well designed model. Suppose we begin with the following strategy: sample the mix every 20 seconds to produce a stream of classification results, and record the these results as a sequence of observation tuples <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-13-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-128" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; 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border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.469em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-136" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-137" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-138" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-139" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-140" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-141" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-142" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.73em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-143" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.469em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-144" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-145" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-146" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">n</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-147" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-148" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-149" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-150" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.889em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-151" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.469em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-152" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-153" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-154" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">n</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.885em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.232em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, where each tuple contains the classification result, as well as the confidence score (alternatively we could look at the top <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-14-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-155" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.683em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-156" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-157" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">k<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.003em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> results, but for now let’s consider the simplest case).</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
There are several popular approaches for dealing with this type of sequence labeling task. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Hidden Markov Models</a> (HMM) provide one well known approach by assigning “hidden” states <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-15-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-158" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 6.538em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 5.184em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.803em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-159" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-160" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.843em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-161" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">s</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-162" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-163" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-164" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.843em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-165" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">s</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-166" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-167" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-168" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-169" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-170" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">.</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-171" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">,</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-172" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.189em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.843em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-173" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">s</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-174" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">n</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.885em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.232em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, each of which emits a corresponding observation vector <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-16-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-175" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.936em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.749em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.776em 1000.002em 2.617em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-176" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-177" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.703em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-178" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.469em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-179" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">i</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.885em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.232em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>. A crucial simplification that a HMM makes is assuming that state <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-17-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-180" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.889em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.703em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.776em 1000.002em 2.617em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-181" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-182" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.656em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-183" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">s</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-184" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">i</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.885em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.232em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">only</em> depends on the previous state <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-18-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-185" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.963em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.543em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.776em 1000.002em 2.617em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-186" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-187" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.496em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.457em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-188" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">s</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.376em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.873em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-189" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-190" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-191" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">i</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-192" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-193" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">1</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.885em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.232em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>. Unfortunately, the Markov property (the common name of this assumption) is concerning for us, because we lose important contextual information by only looking at the previous observation. One solution to this is to use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_random_field" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Conditional Random Fields</a>, which can be conceptually thought of as generalized HMMs, in that sense that the hidden state can depend on an arbitrary number of previous observations. However, training a CRF can be very computationally expensive, and still doesn’t give us a straightforward way to deal with noisy observations and “transitions”.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
A different approach, which is perhaps conceptually simpler, is to view this problem as a clustering task, where we want to combine neighboring observations (nodes) repeatedly as long as meet some similarity threshold, and smooth over outliers and noisy observations. Let’s begin by defining an observation as the following:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">UNKNOWN_CLASSIFICATION_LABEL</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">"Unknown Track"</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="nc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Observation</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">():</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;">"""</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"> A classification result, along with the confidence score of that classification.</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"> Multiple observations can be combined into a single observation (which we can refer</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"> to as 'cluster') if the criteria of certain rules are met. Therefore, the</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"> constructor accepts `number_observations` to indicate the number of single</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"> observations that were combined. This is useful because certain rules will only be</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"> applied to clusters.</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"> """</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">__init__</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span>
<span class="nd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5c35cc; font-weight: bold;">@property</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">unknown</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">==</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">UNKNOWN_CLASSIFICATION_LABEL</span>
<span class="nd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5c35cc; font-weight: bold;">@property</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">cluster</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">></span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">1</span>
<span class="nd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5c35cc; font-weight: bold;">@property</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">__str__</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">"Classification: </span><span class="si" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">%s</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;"> (confidence: </span><span class="si" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">%.2f</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">, nodes: </span><span class="si" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">%s</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">)"</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">%</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span></code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Suppose two neighboring observations agree on the same classification result with a confidence above a certain threshold. We can create a rule which combines these two observations into a single observation, and assigns a new, boosted confidence score (for simplicity, we’ll simply take the max of the two scores in the examples below) to this cluster. We should also apply a rule to filter for observations with very weak confidence scores, and assign all of them an identical ‘unknown’ label, so that that these noisy nodes can be clustered as well.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><span class="kn" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span class="nn" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">inspect</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="nc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">():</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">test_condition</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">raise</span> <span class="ne" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000;">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">"test_condition must be implemented."</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">apply_rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">raise</span> <span class="ne" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #cc0000;">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">"apply_rule must be implemented."</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;">""" Number of observations that the rule attempts to consume """</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">arg_count</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">len</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">inspect</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">getargspec</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">test_condition</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">args</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">-</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">1</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;">""" Helpers """</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">above_threshold</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">threshold</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">args</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">all</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">node</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">></span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">threshold</span> <span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">node</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">args</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence_boost</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">args</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">max</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">node</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span> <span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">node</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">args</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="nc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">NoisyLabelRule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">passing_threshold</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.5</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">test_condition</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">not</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">unknown</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;"><</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">passing_threshold</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">apply_rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Observation</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">UNKNOWN_CLASSIFICATION_LABEL</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="nc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">NeighborsClusteringRule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">threshold</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.90</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">test_condition</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">==</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span>
<span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">above_threshold</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">threshold</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">or</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">unknown</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">))</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">apply_rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Observation</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence_boost</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span></code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
This can be viewed as a simple implementation of a “bottom up”, agglomerative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">hierarchical clustering</a>method, with the restriction of only considering a node’s neighbors for new clusters (specifically, since we only consider the boosted, maximum scores - which is to say, the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">minimum</em> KL-divergence - of any two clusters when merging, our approach resembles a single-linkage clustering method). However, these basic “clustering rules” alone will not be sufficient, since we need a way to ignore noisy classifications and transitions altogether.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
We can begin by adding a smoothing rule which will skip a single observation if the two nodes around it agree on a different classification label, and both of the surrounding nodes contain multiple observations. This type of smoothing is useful to deal with poor quality audio samples (for example, mix producers will sometimes play voiceovers on top of their mixes which might distort the classification results).</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
One approach for handling transitions is to examine how prominent each node is, compared to its neighbors. 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word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-197" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-198" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-199" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-21-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-200" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.563em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.423em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.757em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-201" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-202" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">z</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.768em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.174em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>. If we construct two lists, with the first containing the elements of <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-22-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-203" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.523em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.01em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.87em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-204" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-205" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-206" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.236em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">∪</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-207" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.236em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.062em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, and the second containing the elements of <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-23-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-208" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.477em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.963em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.87em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-209" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-210" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-211" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.236em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">∪</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-212" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.236em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">z</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.062em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, we can measure the similarity between these two lists (we refer to them as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">multisets</a>) to determine how prominent the <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-24-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-213" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-214" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-215" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> node is. A very common metric of similarity between two sets is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaccard_index" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Jaccard similarity coefficient</a>, which is simply the size of the intersection of the two sets over the size of the union. If we have a high Jaccard index, indicating that the multisets are very similar, then there are two possible scenarios:</div>
<ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px 25px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Our target node, <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-25-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-216" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-217" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-218" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, is prominent (e.g. a large cluster of identical classification labels), and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-26-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-219" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-220" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-221" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.709em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-27-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-222" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.563em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.423em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.757em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-223" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-224" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">z</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.768em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.174em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> (the two neighbors of <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-28-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-225" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-226" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-227" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>) are noisy transitions which should be disregarded, since their inclusion had little effect on the similarity index.</div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The labels of the two neighbors, <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-29-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-228" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-229" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-230" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.709em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-30-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-231" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.563em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.423em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.757em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-232" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-233" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">z</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.768em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.174em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, are the same, and they are of similar sizes, in which case the multisets defined above will always be similar regardless of <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-31-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-234" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-235" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-236" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, since the elements of <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-32-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-237" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-238" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-239" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> are added to both. This result would be favorable if <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-33-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-240" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-241" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-242" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> is actually a small cluster of noisy data surrounded by two clusters of the same track classification.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Both results might be valid, which is why when we apply the rule, we’ll want to assign the the new cluster the label of the most common element among <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-34-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-243" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-244" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-245" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.709em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-35-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-246" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-247" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-248" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-36-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-249" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.563em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.423em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.757em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-250" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-251" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">z</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.768em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.174em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>, not simply the most common element of <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-37-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-252" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.85em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-253" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-254" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">y</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.944em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.291em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>.<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">*</strong>However, this rule will be problematic if <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-38-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-255" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-256" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-257" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.709em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-39-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-258" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.563em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.423em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.757em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-259" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-260" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">z</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.768em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.174em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> are actually valid but <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">unidentified</em> tracks – i.e. tracks which were not in our training library, and the rule is applied simply because we assigned the <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-40-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-261" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.609em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.469em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.663em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-262" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-263" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">x<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.709em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-41-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-264" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.563em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.423em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.963em 1000.002em 2.757em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.519em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-265" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-266" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">z</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.523em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.768em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.174em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> the same ‘unknown’ label. This exposes a larger issue of differentiating between genuinely noisy observations, and recognizing a sequence of observations which sound similar (e.g. some subset of the pairwise KL-divergence values indicate that the observations belong to the same track), but doesn’t map to any known track. In the latter case, we should be treat that sequence as a cluster with a unique “to be identified” label, and not as noise. Even with the most complete training library, this is a very common scenario in electronic music, as producers will commonly build hype around upcoming and unreleased tracks by simply labeling them as “ID” in their mixes. The final version of this model will have to address this problem.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">*</strong> One might note that by our current definition of a cluster of observations, every element in a cluster has the same label, so the most common element of any cluster is the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">only</em> element. However, since nothing prevents us from modifying the definition of a cluster to include a collection of different labels (perhaps coupled with their associated probability), we would prefer the logic to handle this case.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="nc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">SmoothingRule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># Do not smooth a classification that we are extremely confident about</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">keep_threshold</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.99</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">test_condition</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">==</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span>
<span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;"><</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">keep_threshold</span>
<span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">not</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">cluster</span>
<span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">cluster</span>
<span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">cluster</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">apply_rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Observation</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence_boost</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="nc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">JaccardSimilarityRule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">similarity_distance_threshold</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.8</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">_compute_jaccard_similarity</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">intersection</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">list</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">((</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset1</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">&</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">())</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">union</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">list</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">((</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset1</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">())</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">float</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">len</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">intersection</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">))</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">/</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">float</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">len</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">union</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">))</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">test_condition</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset1</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">multiset</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset2</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">multiset</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">_compute_jaccard_similarity</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">mset2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">></span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">similarity_distance_threshold</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">apply_rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">label</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">count</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">multiset</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">elements</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">most_common</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()[</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Observation</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">label</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence_boost</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs2</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">obs3</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">number_observations</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">count</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span></code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Now we can define a simple function which, given a sequence of rules, applies each rule repeatedly to a sequence of observation n-grams while the rule’s conditions are met.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">consume</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">iterator</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">iterator</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">next</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()</span> <span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">_</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">range</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)]</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">ngrams</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observations</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">fillvalue</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">None</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observations</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">extend</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">([</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">fillvalue</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">-</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">))</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">xrange</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">len</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observations</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">-</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">yield</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observations</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">i</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">+</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">n</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="nc" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Tagger</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">():</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">__init__</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rules</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rules</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rules</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">def</span> <span class="nf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">tag</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification_results</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">nodes</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Observation</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">label</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span> <span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">label</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">confidence</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">classification_results</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">]</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rule</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">self</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rules</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">arg_count</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rule</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">arg_count</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">while</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">True</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">new_nodes</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rule_applied</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[],</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">False</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">tokens</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">ngrams</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">list</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">nodes</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">arg_count</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observation_list</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">tokens</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span class="nb" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87;">all</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observation_list</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rule</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">test_condition</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observation_list</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">new_nodes</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">append</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rule</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">apply_rule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">*</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observation_list</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">))</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rule_applied</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="bp" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3465a4;">True</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># The remaining tokens consumed by this rule should be skipped</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">consume</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">tokens</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">arg_count</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">-</span> <span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">1</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">else</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span>
<span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># Only add the first element of any n-gram to avoid duplicates</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">new_nodes</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">append</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">observation_list</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="mi" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">])</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">rule_applied</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">nodes</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">new_nodes</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">else</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">:</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">break</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">nodes</span></code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The following example, with a sample input of <code style="background: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 232); box-sizing: border-box; color: #dd1144; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 4px; white-space: nowrap;">label, confidence_score</code> tuples will employ all four rules to produce the tracklisting:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #edeae3; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14902); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 9.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class="language-python" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px;"><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">RULES</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">NoisyLabelRule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(),</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">NeighborsClusteringRule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(),</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">SmoothingRule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(),</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">JaccardSimilarityRule</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">()]</span>
<span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">results</span> <span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">=</span> <span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">[(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track A'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.96</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track A'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.97</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track A'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.97</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track X'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.31</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span> <span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># Noisy data</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track A'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.96</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track A'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.99</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track A'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.92</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track A'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.99</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track Y'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.28</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span> <span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># Transition</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track Z'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.09</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span> <span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># Transition</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.91</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.98</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.94</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.95</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.98</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.99</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track V'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.28</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span> <span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># Noisy data</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.99</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.96</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track B'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.97</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">),</span>
<span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="s" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e9a06;">'Track W'</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">,</span> <span class="mf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0000cf;">0.42</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)]</span> <span class="c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;"># Noisy data</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">tag</span> <span class="ow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Tagger</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">RULES</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">)</span><span class="o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce5c00; font-weight: bold;">.</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">tag</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">(</span><span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">results</span><span class="p" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">):</span>
<span class="k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #204a87; font-weight: bold;">print</span> <span class="n" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">tag</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;">""" output:</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;">Classification: Track A (confidence: 0.99, nodes: 7)</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;">Classification: Track B (confidence: 0.99, nodes: 9)</span>
<span class="sd" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8f5902; font-style: italic;">"""</span></code></pre>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The tracklist generation method shown above can be seen as a hybrid between rule-based algorithms which are commonly used in part-of-speech tagging (e.g. the popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_tagger" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Brill tagger</a>), with the rules resembling a simple implementation of heirarchical clustering. The rules we’ve defined (specifically their parameters, such as the thresholds and the number of observations accepted) are rather arbitrary and formed admittedly through intuition for the purposes of this post, and there will always be edge cases which will cause errors in output of this algorithm. Given a large labeled training set, we could certainly do more rigorous analysis to find optimal parameters for these clustering rules. However, I chose to describe this approach because it is conceptually one of the easiest implementations to discuss (especially when compared to most HMM/CRF-based sequence analysis designs).</div>
<h3 id="conclusions" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 28px; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
Conclusions</h3>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
There are many other improvements to our overall classification model which would be interesting to explore. For example, I would be curious about the effect of performing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #607890; opacity: 0.8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Principal Component Analysis</a>(PCA) of our data prior to constructing the mixture models in an attempt to simplify our <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-42-Frame" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-267" role="math" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.15em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 21.4200000762939px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.683em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(1.31em 1000.002em 2.477em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.332em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-268" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-269" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.636em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(3.224em 1000.002em 4.157em -999.998em); left: 0.002em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.013em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-270" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-271" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-272" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXNonUnicode-Italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; left: 0.843em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.386em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-273" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-274" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-275" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: STIXGeneral-Regular; font-size: 15.1439390182495px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">13</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 4.017em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.238em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.056em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> feature space, since we could greatly improve performance (without sacrificing accuracy), if we discovered that some of the MFC components were highly correlated with each other (although this is unlikely, since MFC components are expected to be decorrelated).</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Another related optimization that is worth looking at is the reduction of our audio library size, by noting that many audio samples from the same track will sound very similar to each other (especially since we’re taking overlapping n-grams), and thus we could instead represent a track with just a handful of audio samples which have the highest pairwise KL-divergence (thus providing us the highest information gain).</div>
</article><div style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; white-space: normal;">
<span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #444444; font-family: 'Open Sans', HelveticaNeue, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 27px;">These questions, along with a more detailed analysis of the various tracklist generation methods will hopefully be discussed in a future post.</span></div>
</pre>
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